Gadolinium loaded Cherenkov detectors for neutron monitoring in high energy air showers. (1st February 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Stowell, P.; Fargher, S.; Thompson, L.F.; Brown, A.M.; Chadwick, P.M.
• Is Part Of: Journal of instrumentation. Volume 17:Number 2(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-02-01
• Subjects: Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc) -- Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics -- Hybrid detectors -- Liquid detectors; Scientific apparatus and instruments -- Periodicals; 502.84
• DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/T02005
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1748-0221

Abstract

Abstract: Monitoring of high energy cosmic ray neutrons is of particular interest for cosmic ray water Cherenkov detectors as intense bundles of delayed neutrons have been found to arrive after the initial passage of a high energy air shower. In this paper we explore the possibility of building large-area high-energy neutron monitors using gadolinium-loaded Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs). GEANT4 simulations of photon production in WCDs are used to estimate the maximum detection efficiency for a hypothetical system. Requiring a series of neutron induced gamma ray flashes distributed over an extended period of time (up to 20 μs) was shown to be an effective way to discriminate high energy neutron interactions from other backgrounds. Results suggest that neutron detection efficiencies of 4–15% may be possible using a gadolinium-loaded detection system above 200 MeV. The magnitude of gadolinium loading was also shown to significantly modify the timing response of the simulated detector.