A comprehensive review on the lipid and pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin. (November 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Kiaie, Nasim; Gorabi, Armita Mahdavi; Mannarino, Massimo R.; Bianconi, Vanessa; Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Pirro, Matteo; Banach, Maciej
• Is Part Of: Progress in lipid research. Volume 84(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-11
• Subjects: Hypercholesterolemia -- Inflammation -- Pitavastatin -- Pleiotropic effects -- Statin; ACS acute coronary syndrome -- Akt protein kinase b -- AMI acute myocardial infarction -- AP-1 activating protein-1 -- APP amyloid precursor protein -- Apo apolipoprotein -- ApoE apolipoprotein E -- Bax Bcl-2-associated X protein -- BBB blood-brain barrier -- Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2 -- DNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor -- BMP-2 bone morphogenetic protein 2 -- CAD coronary artery disease -- CCL2 C–C chemokine ligand 2 -- CCR2 C–C chemokine receptor 2 -- CDAA choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined -- CM chylomicrons -- CRD chronic renal disease -- CRP C-reactive protein -- CVD cardiovascular disease -- CYP cytochrome P450 -- eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase -- EPCs endothelial progenitor cells -- ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase -- FMD flow-mediated dilation -- IMT intima-media thickness -- GGPP geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate -- GMP guanosine monophosphate -- HDL high-density lipoprotein -- HDL-C HDL-cholesterol -- HIV human immunodeficiency virus -- HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A -- Iba-1 ionized calcium-binding adaptator molecule 1 -- ICAM-1 intracellular adhesion molecule −1 -- IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein -- IFN interferon -- IL interleukin -- JNK Jun N-terminal kinase -- LDL low-density lipoprotein -- LDL-C LDL-cholesterol -- MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase -- MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1 -- MDA malondialdehyde -- MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase -- MMP matrix metalloproteinase -- MRP-1 multidrug-resistance protein 1 -- mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin -- MYL2 myosin light chain 2 -- NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis -- NF-κB nuclear factor-κB -- NMDA N-methyl-d-aspartic acid -- NO nitric oxide -- PAD peripheral artery disease -- PARP poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase -- PCI percutaneous coronary intervention -- PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen -- PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase -- PLGA poly-lactic co glycolic acid -- PON1 paroxonase 1 -- PPARγ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ -- PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog -- PTZ pentylenetetrazole -- RGC retinal ganglion cell -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- RPL-C RLP-cholesterol -- RLPs remnants lipoproteins -- ROCK Rho-associated protein kinase -- SMCs smooth muscle cells -- SOD superoxide dismutase -- STZ-DM streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice -- TAG triacylglycerol -- TC total cholesterol -- TGF transforming growth factor -- TIMP tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase -- TNF tissue necrosis factor -- TrkB tropomyosin-related kinase B -- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor -- VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein -- WHHL Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic.; Lipids -- Periodicals; Lipids -- Periodicals; Lipides -- Périodiques; Lipiden; 572.57
• DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101127
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0163-7827

Abstract

Abstract: The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, are administered as first line therapy for hypercholesterolemia, both in primary and secondary prevention. There is a growing body of evidence showing that beyond their lipid-lowering effect, statins have a number of additional beneficial properties. Pitavastatin is a unique lipophilic statin with a strong effect on lowering plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol. It has been reported to have pleiotropic effects such as decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, regulating angiogenesis and osteogenesis, improving endothelial function and arterial stiffness, and reducing tumor progression. Based on the available studies considering the risk of statin-associated muscle symptoms it seems to be also the safest statin. The unique lipid and non-lipid effects of pitavastatin make this molecule a particularly interesting option for the management of different human diseases. In this review, we first summarized the lipid effects of pitavastatin and then strive to unravel the diverse pleiotropic effects of this molecule.