Oxidation behaviors of matrix-grade graphite during water vapor ingress accidents for high temperature gas-cooled reactors. (15th November 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Cho, Yi Je; Garcia, David; Yu, Hang Z.; Deng, Zhifei; Li, Ling; Lu, Kathy
• Is Part Of: Carbon. Volume 185(2021)
• Page Start: 161
• Page End: 176
• Publication Date: 2021-11-15
• Subjects: Matrix graphite -- Oxidation -- Water vapor -- HTGR -- Accidental condition; Carbon -- Periodicals; Carbone -- Périodiques; Koolstof; Toepassingen; Electronic journals; 546.681
• DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.09.032
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0008-6223

Abstract

Abstract: Water ingress into cores of high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) can cause serious safety problems in graphitic components, especially for matrix graphite, which is more vulnerable than nuclear graphite. In this study, oxidation behaviors of a matrix-grade graphite, ARB-B1, were investigated under simulated water ingress accidental conditions. The oxidation tests were conducted in water vapor/helium mixed atmospheres at elevated temperatures up to 1200 °C. Oxidation rates and activation energy were evaluated by mass loss measurements. The activation energy was 121.5 kJ/mol in the considered temperature range, indicating only one oxidation regime−in-pore diffusion assisted by cracks. The cracks originated from the fabrication process, acting as penetration paths for the oxidant, played an important role in the oxidation behaviors. Ungraphitized binder oxidation occurred at all temperatures, while apparent oxidation of filler particles started from 1100 °C. Moreover, oxidation effects on compressive properties and hardness of the matrix graphite were discussed in terms of oxidized microstructures. This first detailed study on matrix graphite oxidation in water vapor provides important kinetics knowledge and microstructural and mechanical data for accidental scenarios of HTGRs as well as for development of new matrix graphite materials. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Matrix graphite oxidation in H2 O/He atmospheres up to 1200 °C is discussed. Ungraphitized binder and cracks are critical factors to microstructure degradation. Graphite oxidation is in in-pore diffusion regime assisted by cracks. Mechanical properties mainly depend on mass loss after oxidation.