Dystonia, chorea, hemiballismus and other dyskinesias. (August 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bologna, Matteo; Valls-Solè, Josep; Kamble, Nitish; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Conte, Antonella; Guerra, Andrea; Belvisi, Daniele; Berardelli, Alfredo
• Is Part Of: Clinical neurophysiology. Volume 140(2022)
• Page Start: 110
• Page End: 125
• Publication Date: 2022-08
• Subjects: Hyperkinesia -- Dystonia -- Chorea -- Ballismus -- Athetosis -- Dyskinesias -- Pathophysiology; ASR auditory startle response -- BP bereitschaftspotential -- BPS blepharospasm -- CBI cerebellar-brain inhibition -- CD cervical dystonia -- CR corneal reflex -- CSP cortical silent period -- DBS deep brain stimulation -- EBCC eyeblink classical conditioning -- EEG electroencephalography -- EMG electromyography -- fEPs field-evoked potentials -- FHD focal hand/limb dystonia -- GABA γ-amino-butyric-acid -- GPi internal globus pallidus -- GPe external globus pallidus -- HFS hemifacial spasm -- HD Huntington's disease -- ICF intracortical facilitation -- L-dopa levodopa -- LID levodopa-induced dyskinesias -- LFPs local field potentials -- LLRs long latency reflexes -- LTP long-term potentiation -- MEPs motor evoked potentials -- OMD oromandibular dystonia -- RT reaction time -- SD spasmodic dysphonia -- PAS paired associative stimulation -- PD Parkinson's disease -- M1 primary motor cortex -- SEPs sensory evoked potentials -- SICI short interval intracortical inhibition -- SICF short interval intracortical facilitation -- STDT somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold -- SNr substantia nigra pars reticulata -- SMA supplementary motor area -- TD tardive dyskinesia -- TBS theta burst stimulation -- TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation; Neurophysiology -- Periodicals; Electroencephalography -- Periodicals; Electromyography -- Periodicals; Neurology -- Periodicals; 612.8
• DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.05.014
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1388-2457

Abstract

Highlights: This chapter provides an overview of clinical and pathophysiological features of hyperkinesia. The phenomenological features of dystonia, chorea, and other dyskinesia, including those specifically involving the cranial district, are discussed. The pathophysiology of hyperkinesia is reviewed with a focus on neurophysiological studies. Abstract: Hyperkinesias are heterogeneous involuntary movements that significantly differ in terms of clinical and semeiological manifestations, including rhythm, regularity, speed, duration, and other factors that determine their appearance or suppression. Hyperkinesias are due to complex, variable, and largely undefined pathophysiological mechanisms that may involve different brain areas. In this chapter, we specifically focus on dystonia, chorea and hemiballismus, and other dyskinesias, specifically, levodopa-induced, tardive, and cranial dyskinesia. We address the role of neurophysiological studies aimed at explaining the pathophysiology of these conditions. We mainly refer to human studies using surface and invasive in-depth recordings, as well as spinal, brainstem, and transcortical reflexology and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. We discuss the extent to which the neurophysiological abnormalities observed in hyperkinesias may be explained by pathophysiological models. We highlight the most relevant issues that deserve future research efforts. The potential role of neurophysiological assessment in the clinical context of hyperkinesia is also discussed.