Nitrate removal from groundwater using a batch and continuous flow hybrid Fe-electrocoagulation and electrooxidation system. (1st November 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Benekos, Andreas K.; Tziora, Foteini E.; Tekerlekopoulou, Athanasia G.; Pavlou, Stavros; Qun, Yan; Katsaounis, Alexandros; Vayenas, Dimitris V.
• Is Part Of: Journal of environmental management. Volume 297(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-11-01
• Subjects: Denitrification -- Iron electrodes -- Ammonium removal -- Electrochemical oxidation -- Continuous flow; Environmental policy -- Periodicals; Environmental management -- Periodicals; Environment -- Periodicals; Ecology -- Periodicals; 363.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113387
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0301-4797

Abstract

Abstract: During the last two decades nitrate contaminated groundwater has become an extensive worldwide problem with wide-reaching negative effects on human health and the environment. In this study, a combination of electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) was studied as a denitrification process to efficiently remove nitrates and ammonium (a by-product produced during EC) from real polluted groundwater. Initially, EC experiments under batch operating mode were performed using iron electrodes at different applied current density values (20–40 mA cm −2 ). Nitrate percentage removal of 100 % was recorded, however high ammonium concentrations were performed (4.5–6.5 mg NH4 + -Ν L −1 ). Therefore, a continuous flow system was examined for the complete removal of both nitrates and EC-generated ammonium cations. The system comprised an EC reactor, a settling tank and an EO reactor. The applied current densities to the EC process were the same as those in the batch experiments, while the volumetric flow rates were 4, 6 and 8 mL min −1 . Regarding the current density of the EO process was kept constant at the value of 75 mA cm −2 . The percentage nitrate removal recorded during the EC process ranged between 52.0 and 100 %, while the NH4 + -N concentration at the outlet of the EO reduced significantly (53–100 %) depending on the applied current density and the volumetric flow rate. Also, the dissolved iron concentration in the treated water was always below the legislated limit of 0.2 mg L −1 (up to 0.027 mg L −1 ). These results indicate that the proposed hybrid system is capable of denitrifying real nitrate contaminated groundwater without generating toxic by-products, therefore making the water suitable for human consumption. Highlights: Groundwater denitrification was studied using electrocoagulation/electro-oxidation. Continuous flow electrocoagulation/electro-oxidation system was examined. Iron electrodes were examined achieving 52–100 % nitrate removal. Stainless steel/cathode and Ti/IrO2 /anode electrodes removed up to 88 % NH4 + .