Firing up the furnace: New insights on metallurgical practices in the Chalcolithic Southern Levant from a recently discovered copper-smelting workshop at Horvat Beter (Israel). (October 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ackerfeld, Dana; Abadi-Reiss, Yael; Yagel, Omri; Harlavan, Yehudit; Abulafia, Talia; Yegorov, Dmitry; Ben-Yosef, Erez
• Is Part Of: Journal of archaeological science. Volume 33(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-10
• Subjects: Archaeometallurgy -- Copper smelting -- Wadi Faynan -- Ghassulian culture -- Chalcolithic Southern Levant -- Technological advancement -- Metallurgical crucibles; Archaeology -- Periodicals; Archaeology -- Research -- Periodicals; 930.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102578
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2352-409X

Abstract

Highlights: Chalcolithic (late 5th millennium BCE) copper smelting workshop was recently excavated in southern Israel. Two-stage technological practice, primary smelting based on furnaces. Exclusive usage of Faynan ores, located greater than 100 km away from the site. Highly specialized technology, distinct and separate from the one based on alloys. Technological diffusion into a society in which metal had a symbolic/cultic role. Abstract: Recent discoveries at Horvat Beter (Beersheva, Israel) shed new light on the earliest phase of Southern Levantine metallurgy (second half of the 5th millennium BCE). Multiple fragments of furnaces, crucibles and slag were excavated, and found to represent an extensive copper smelting workshop located within a distinct quarter of a settlement. Typological and chemical analyses revealed a two-stage technology (furnace-based primary smelting followed by melting/refining in crucibles), and lead isotope analysis indicated that the ore originated exclusively from Wadi Faynan (MBS Formation), more than 100 km away. These observations strengthen previous suggestions that metallurgy in this region started with furnace-based technology (possibly not locally invented). Furthermore, the absence of any artifact related to the contemporary industry of copper-based alloys indicates a high degree of craft specialization, and together with other regional observations testifies to the important role of metallurgy in the society of the Beer-sheba Valley during this formative time.