Nigella sativa Oil Reduces LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammation: An Evaluation on M1/M2 Balance. (14th June 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hosseini, Azar; Baradaran Rahimi, Vafa; Rakhshandeh, Hassan; Askari, Vahid Reza
• Other Names: Pan Weidong Academic Editor.
• Is Part Of: Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. Volume 2022(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-06-14
• Subjects: Alternative medicine -- Periodicals; 615.505
• DOI: 10.1155/2022/5639226
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1741-427X

Abstract

Abstract : Objectives . The immune system plays a critical defence role against infections, injuries, and carcinogenic stimuli. As the macrophages of the brain resides in the innate immune system, microglia and their polarisation ( M 1 / M 2 ) play regulatory roles in inflammation in CNS, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia complex, and multiple sclerosis. Nigella sativa belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and has different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We conducted this study to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and protective properties of N. sativa oil (NSO) on the microglial cells and their polarisation ( M 1 / M 2 ) in the presence of LPS as a model of neuroinflammation. Methods . The protective effects of NSO (10–40 µ g/ml) were studied on the LPS-induced microglial cells, and the levels of tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ), IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and IL-10 were evaluated using both ELISA and gene expression methods. The levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NOS (iNOS), and arginase-1 (Arg1) were also evaluated using the real-time PCR method. In addition, nitrite oxide (NO) and urea were measured using biochemical methods. Results . NSO decreased LPS-induced toxicity at all doses (P < 0.001). NSO (10–40 μ g/ml) also significantly reduced the levels of TNF- α, PGE2, IL-1 β, and IL-6 in the presence of LPS (P < 0.01 to 0.001). Pretreatment with NSO attenuated the levels of iNOS but increased Arg1 (P < 0.001). The ratio of iNOS/Arg1 was also decreased in the presence of NSO (P < 0.001) than that of the LPS group (P < 0.001). Conclusion . NSO attenuated LPS-induced inflammation and increased microglia's anti-inflammatory status. These results may prove that NSO is potentially an immunomodulator for various neurodegenerative diseases by M1 phenotype dominancy, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.