What is the Sugar Code?. (22nd September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Gabius, Hans‐Joachim; Cudic, Maré; Diercks, Tammo; Kaltner, Herbert; Kopitz, Jürgen; Mayo, Kevin H.; Murphy, Paul V.; Oscarson, Stefan; Roy, René; Schedlbauer, Andreas; Toegel, Stefan; Romero, Antonio
• Is Part Of: Chembiochem. Volume 23:Number 13(2022)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 2021-09-22
• Subjects: adhesion -- glycoproteins -- glycosylation -- lectins -- proliferation; Biochemistry -- Periodicals; Molecular biology -- Periodicals; Pharmaceutical chemistry -- Periodicals; 572
• DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1439-4227

Abstract

Abstract: A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins 'read' the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code. Abstract : Information coding by sugars : Letting symbols convey information comes in many forms such as the QR code. We explain that sugars are an ideal alphabet of life. They form an unsurpassed size of bio‐vocabulary. It is read and translated by a matching diversity of sugar receptors (lectins) so that establishing a dictionary for the glyco‐vocabulary is now in progress. The given QR code directs you to our review on the sugar code.