Alexithymia in autism: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with social-communication difficulties, anxiety and depression symptoms. Issue 8 (8th June 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Oakley, Bethany F. M.; Jones, Emily J. H.; Crawley, Daisy; Charman, Tony; Buitelaar, Jan; Tillmann, Julian; Murphy, Declan G.; Loth, Eva
• Is Part Of: Psychological medicine. Volume 52:Issue 8(2022)
• Page Start: 1458
• Page End: 1470
• Publication Date: 2022-06-08
• Subjects: Alexithymia -- anxiety -- autism -- depression -- mental health; Psychiatry -- Periodicals; Medicine and psychology -- Periodicals; Clinical psychology -- Periodicals; 616.89
• DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720003244
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0033-2917

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Alexithymia (difficulties in identifying and describing emotion) is a transdiagnostic trait implicated in social–emotional and mental health problems in the general population. Many autistic individuals experience significant social-communication difficulties and elevated anxiety/depression and alexithymia. Nevertheless, the role of alexithymia in explaining individual variability in the quality/severity of social-communication difficulties and/or anxiety and depression symptoms in autism remains poorly understood. Methods: In total, 337 adolescents and adults (autism N = 179) were assessed for alexithymia on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and for social-communication difficulties, anxiety and depression symptoms. A total of 135 individuals (autism N = 76) were followed up 12–24 months later. We used regression models to establish cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between alexithymia, social-communication difficulties, anxiety and depression symptoms. Results: Autistic individuals reported significantly higher alexithymia than comparison individuals ( p < 0.001, r effect size = 0.48), with 47.3% of autistic females and 21.0% of autistic males meeting cut-off for clinically relevant alexithymia (score ⩾61). Difficulties in describing feelings were particularly associated with current self-reported social-communication difficulties [ p < 0.001, β = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44–0.67] and predicted later social-communication difficulties ( p = 0.02, β = 0.43, 95% CI 0.07–0.82). Difficulties in identifying feelings were particularly associated with current anxiety symptom severity ( p < 0.001, β = 0.54, 95% CI 0.41–0.77) and predicted later anxiety ( p = 0.01; β = 0.31, 95% CI 0.08–0.62). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that difficulties in identifying v . describing emotion are associated with differential clinical outcomes in autism. Psychological therapies targeting emotional awareness may improve social-communication and anxiety symptoms in autism, potentially conferring long-term benefits.