Developmental toxicity of plastic leachates on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. (15th January 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Rendell-Bhatti, Flora; Paganos, Periklis; Pouch, Anna; Mitchell, Christopher; D'Aniello, Salvatore; Godley, Brendan J.; Pazdro, Ksenia; Arnone, Maria Ina; Jimenez-Guri, Eva
• Is Part Of: Environmental pollution. Volume 269(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-01-15
• Subjects: Microplastic -- Leachates -- Ecotoxicology -- Development -- Sea urchin; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Environmental Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Effets physiologiques -- Périodiques; Pollution; Pollution -- Environmental aspects; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 363.73
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115744
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0269-7491

Abstract

Abstract: Microplastic pollution has become ubiquitous, affecting a wide variety of biota. Although microplastics are known to alter the development of a range of marine invertebrates, no studies provide a detailed morphological characterisation of the developmental defects. Likewise, the developmental toxicity of chemicals leached from plastic particles is understudied. The consequences of these developmental effects are likely underestimated, and the effects on ecosystems are unknown. Using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as a model, we studied the effects of leachates of three forms of plastic pellet: new industrial pre-production plastic nurdles, beached pre-production nurdles, and floating filters, known as biobeads, also retrieved from the environment. Our chemical analyses show that leachates from beached pellets (biobead and nurdle pellets) and highly plasticised industrial pellets (PVC) contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are known to be detrimental to development and other life stages of animals. We also demonstrate that these microplastic leachates elicit severe, consistent and treatment-specific developmental abnormalities in P. lividus at embryonic and larval stages. Those embryos exposed to virgin polyethylene leachates with no additives nor environmental contaminants developed normally, suggesting that the abnormalities observed are the result of exposure to either environmentally adsorbed contaminants or pre-existing industrial additives within the polymer matrix. In the light of the chemical contents of the leachates and other characteristics of the plastic particles used, we discuss the phenotypes observed during our study, which include abnormal gastrulation, impaired skeletogenesis, abnormal neurogenesis, redistribution of pigmented cells and embryo radialisation. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Beach collected pellets and new PVC microparticles leach PCBs and PAHs to seawater. Sea urchin development is negatively affected by chemicals in the leached seawater. Leachates have treatment specific effects on sea urchin embryos. Gastrulation, axis formation, skeletal and neural development are affected. Abstract : Capsule: We demonstrate that plastic particles retrieved from the marine environment or factory settings leach contaminants to the water that adversely affect early development of sea-urchins.