Glutaredoxin 2a overexpression in macrophages promotes mitochondrial dysfunction but has little or no effect on atherogenesis in LDL-receptor null mice. Issue 1 (July 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zamora, D.A.; Downs, K.P.; Ullevig, S.L.; Tavakoli, S.; Kim, H.S.; Qiao, M.; Greaves, D.R.; Asmis, R.
• Is Part Of: Atherosclerosis. Volume 241:Issue 1(2015)
• Page Start: 69
• Page End: 78
• Publication Date: 2015-07
• Subjects: Glutaredoxin 2 -- Reactive oxygen species -- Mitochondria -- Thiols -- Macrophage -- Atherosclerosis; CBC complete blood cell counts -- EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein -- ORO oil red O -- OXPHOS oxidative phosphorylation -- GR glutathione reductase -- GSH glutathione -- GSSG glutathione disulfide -- Grx glutaredoxin -- Grx2a glutaredoxin 2a -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- Trx thioredoxins -- Wt wild type; Arteriosclerosis -- Periodicals; Electronic journals; 616.136
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.805
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0021-9150

Abstract

Abstract: Aims: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated formation of mixed disulfides between critical cysteine residues in proteins and glutathione, a process referred to as protein S -glutathionylation, can lead to loss of enzymatic activity and protein degradation. Since mitochondria are a major source of ROS and a number of their proteins are susceptible to protein- S -glutathionylation, we examined if overexpression of mitochondrial thioltranferase glutaredoxin 2a (Grx2a) in macrophages of dyslipidemic atherosclerosis-prone mice would prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and protect against atherosclerotic lesion formation. Methods and results: We generated transgenic Grx2aMac LDLR−/− mice, which overexpress Grx2a as an EGFP fusion protein under the control of the macrophage-specific CD68 promoter. Transgenic mice and wild type siblings were fed a high fat diet for 14 weeks at which time we assessed mitochondrial bioenergetic function in peritoneal macrophages and atherosclerotic lesion formation. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis demonstrated transgene expression in blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages isolated from Grx2aMac LDLR−/− mice, and fluorescence confocal microscopy studies confirmed that Grx2a expression was restricted to the mitochondria of monocytic cells. Live-cell bioenergetic measurements revealed impaired mitochondrial ATP turnover in macrophages isolated from Grx2aMac LDLR−/− mice compared to macrophages isolated from non-transgenic mice. However, despite impaired mitochondrial function in macrophages of Grx2aMac LDLR−/− mice, we observed no significant difference in the severity of atherosclerosis between wildtype and Grx2aMac LDLR−/− mice. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that increasing Grx2a activity in macrophage mitochondria disrupts mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, but without affecting the proatherogenic potential of macrophages. Our data suggest that macrophages are resistant against moderate mitochondrial dysfunction and rely on alternative pathways for ATP synthesis to support the energetic requirements. Highlights: Mice carrying a CD68 promoter-driven Grx2a-EGFP transgene show Grx2a expression that is restricted to mitochondria of macrophages. Overexpression of mitochondrial Grx2a disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics in macrophages. Overexpression of mitochondrial Grx2a impairs mitochondrial ATP turnover in macrophages and sensitizes macrophages to oxysterol-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of mitochondrial Grx2a in macrophages had little or no effect on atherogenesis in high-fat diet fed LDLR-null mice.