Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects. (July 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Wang, Mengmeng; Liu, Kang; Dutta, Shanta; Alessi, Daniel S.; Rinklebe, Jörg; Ok, Yong Sik; Tsang, Daniel C.W.
• Is Part Of: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. Volume 163(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-07
• Subjects: Clean energy -- Retired power batteries -- Sustainable development goals -- Resources circulation -- Lithium extraction -- Waste battery recycling; Renewable energy sources -- Periodicals; Power resources -- Periodicals; Énergies renouvelables -- Périodiques; Ressources énergétiques -- Périodiques; 333.794
• DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112515
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1364-0321

Abstract

Abstract: The limited fossil fuel supply toward carbon neutrality has driven tremendous efforts to replace fuel vehicles by electric ones. The recycling of retired power batteries, a core energy supply component of electric vehicles (EVs), is necessary for developing a sustainable EV industry. Here, we comprehensively review the current status and technical challenges of recycling lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. The review focuses on: 1) environmental risks of LFP batteries, 2) cascade utilization, 3) separation of cathode material and aluminium foil, 4) lithium (Li) extraction technologies, and 5) regeneration and transformation of cathode materials. Detailed analyses are elaborated with case examples and technical challenges. Our critical analysis demonstrates that compared with retired lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) batteries, LFP batteries do not contain the high-value elements such as Co and Ni, so the economic drive for LFP recycling is compromised although future market prospects are substantial. It is of great practical significance to develop low-carbon and cost-effective Li extraction technologies and regeneration processes for cathode materials to ensure a sustainable and stable development of the LFP battery and EV industry. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Current status and technical challenges of recycling EV's LFP batteries are reviewed. Cascade utilization is considered the priority choice for its good cycling and safety. Current research on resource utilization focuses on the selective extraction of Li. Separation and regeneration are the promising approach for LIB reuse.