SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Clinical endpoints and psychological perspectives: A literature review. Issue 5 (May 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Malik, Jonaid Ahmad; Aroosa, Mir; Ahmed, Sakeel; Shinde, Mrunal; Alghamdi, Saleh; Almansour, Khaled; Hagbani, Turki Al; Alanazi, Muteb Sultan; Anwar, Sirajudheen
• Is Part Of: Journal of infection and public health. Volume 15:Issue 5(2022)
• Page Start: 515
• Page End: 525
• Publication Date: 2022-05
• Subjects: AE Adverse Events -- AD Alzheimer's Disease -- Ad Adjuvant -- ADCD Antibody-Dependent Complement Deposition -- ADM Adaptive Defence Mechanisms -- ADNP Antibody-Dependent Neutrophil Phagocytosis -- AIRD Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease -- AIS Adaptive immune system -- AR Adverse Reaction -- ASFA Antigen-specific functional antibodies -- BAH Bilateral Adrenal Haemorrhage -- BOD Burden of Disease -- C-C Critical Care -- CEPI Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations -- CGP Chinese General Public -- CMI Cell-mediated immunity -- CS cross-sectional -- CVST Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis -- CVT Cerebral Venous Thrombosis -- DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis -- HCP Health Care Professionals -- HCS Health Care Systems -- HFQT high-flow oxygen therapy -- IS Immune System -- ISt Ischemic Stroke -- IV Invasive Ventilation -- LT Long term -- LTS Long Term Stressors -- MV Mechanical Ventilation -- MHPs Moscow Hospitals and Polyclinics -- MI Myocardial infarction -- NIV Non Invasive Ventilation -- n-MV non-Mechanical Ventilation -- NRP Non-Randomized Phase -- NSIIR non-specific innate immune response -- PC Placebo controlled -- PE Pulmonary Embolism -- PP Pneumococcal Polysaccharides -- PV Placebo Vaccine -- PVT Portal Vein Thrombosis -- RC Replication component -- RDRP RNA dependent RNA polymerase -- RS Reactogenicity Subset -- SCFA Short Chain Fatty Acids -- SCLDC Shangqiu City Liangynan District Center -- SCW Singaporean Chinese Women -- SIA Shoulder Injury Adenopathy -- SN seronegative -- SOI Site of Injection -- SP seropositive -- SS serostatus -- ST Short term -- STS Short Term Stressors -- SV structural ventilation -- SVT Splanchnic vein thrombosis -- TTP Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura -- TTS Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome -- TV Typhoid Vaccine -- UAd Unadjuvanted -- VITT Vaccine Induced Thrombocytopenia -- VSC Vaccine Success Criteria -- VTE Venous Thromboembolism -- VZ Varicella Zoster; SARS-CoV-2 -- Vaccine efficacy -- Psychological effect -- Clinical endpoints; Communicable diseases -- Periodicals; Public health -- Periodicals; Epidemiology -- Periodicals; Nosocomial infections -- Prevention -- Periodicals; Medical microbiology -- Periodicals; 614.4
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.017
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1876-0341

Abstract

Abstract: Background: About 270 million cases have been confirmed, and 5.3 million fatalities Worldwide due to SARS-CoV-2. Several vaccine candidates have entered phase 3 of the clinical trial and are being investigated to provide immunity to the maximum percentage of people. A safe and effective vaccine is required to tackle the current COVID-19 waves. There have been reports that clinical endpoints and psychological parameters are necessary to consider vaccine efficacy. This review examines the clinical endpoints required for a successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the influences of psychological parameters on its efficacy. Methods: The main research question was to find out the clinical endpoints that determine the vaccine efficacy? And what kind of psychological parameters affect the vaccine efficacy? The information was taken from several journals, databases, and scientific search engines like Googe scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, WHO website, and other various sites. The research studies were searched using keywords; SAR-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, psychological effect on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine endpoints. Results: This review has highlighted various clinical endpoints that are the main determinants of clinical vaccine efficacy. Currently, vaccinations are being carried out throughout the world; it is important to investigate the main determinants affecting vaccine efficacy. We have focused on the clinical endpoints and the influence of psychological parameters that affect the vaccine efficacy in clinical settings. The primary endpoints include the risk of infection, symptoms, and severity of COVID-19, while hospitalization length, supplemental oxygen requirement, and mechanical ventilation are secondary endpoints in the clinical endpoints. Some tangential endpoints were also considered, including organ dysfunction, stroke, and MI. Many psychological associated things have influenced the vaccine efficacy, like the lower antibody titers in the vaccinated people. In addition to that, Short- and long-term stress and sleep deprivation were also found to affect the vaccine efficacy. Conclusion: The review summarizes the important clinical endpoints required for a successful vaccine candidate. In addition to primary and secondary endpoints, auxiliary endpoints and the disease burden also play an important role in modulating vaccine efficacy. Moreover, the psychological perspective also influences vaccine efficacy. Effective follow-up of participants should follow to examine the clinical endpoints to reach any conclusion about vaccine efficacy. Graphical Abstract: ga1