Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in a Danish nationwide administrative cohort study: Beyond mortality from cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. (June 2022) - So, Rina
Graphical abstract: Highlights: Exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and BC was associated with premature natural mortality in 3.1 million Danes. Associations were found with cardiorespiratory, diabetes, and lung cancer mortality. We present novel associations with dementia and psychiatric disorders mortality. Associations persisted below EU limit values of PM2.5 and NO2 . The associations were robust after the indirect adjustment of smoking and obesity. Abstract: Background: The association between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases is well established, yet the evidence for other diseases remains limited. Objectives: To examine the associations of long-term exposure to air pollution with mortality from diabetes, dementia, psychiatric disorders, chronic kidney disease (CKD), asthma, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), as well as mortality from all-natural and cardiorespiratory causes in the Danish nationwide administrative cohort. Methods: We followed all residents aged ≥ 30 years (3, 083, 227) in Denmark from 1 January 2000 until 31 December 2017. Annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), black carbon (BC), and ozone (warm season) were estimated using European-wide hybrid land-use regression models (100 m × 100 m) and assigned to baseline residential addresses. We used Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the association between air pollution and mortality, accounting for demographic and socioeconomic factors. We additionally applied indirect adjustment for smoking and body mass index (BMI). Results: During 47, 023, 454 person-years of follow-up, 803, 881 people died from natural causes. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 (mean: 12.4 µg/m 3 ), NO2 (20.3 µg/m 3 ), and/or BC (1.0 × 10 -5 /m) was statistically significantly associated with all studied mortality outcomes except CKD. A 5 µg/m 3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with higher mortality from all-natural causes (hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.09–1.13), cardiovascular disease (1.09; 1.07–1.12), respiratory disease (1.11; 1.07–1.15), lung cancer (1.19; 1.15–1.24), diabetes (1.10; 1.04–1.16), dementia (1.05; 1.00–1.10), psychiatric disorders (1.38; 1.27–1.50), asthma (1.13; 0.94–1.36), and ALRI (1.14; 1.09–1.20). Associations with long-term exposure to ozone (mean: 80.2 µg/m 3 ) were generally negative but became significantly positive for several endpoints in two-pollutant models. Generally, associations were attenuated but remained significant after indirect adjustment for smoking and BMI. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and/or BC in Denmark were associated with mortality beyond cardiorespiratory diseases, including diabetes, dementia, psychiatric disorders, asthma, and ALRI.