Genetic programming for automatic skin cancer image classification. (1st July 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ain, Qurrat Ul; Al-Sahaf, Harith; Xue, Bing; Zhang, Mengjie
• Is Part Of: Expert systems with applications. Volume 197(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-07-01
• Subjects: Image classification -- Genetic programming -- Dimensionality reduction -- Feature selection -- Feature construction; Expert systems (Computer science) -- Periodicals; Systèmes experts (Informatique) -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 006.33
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116680
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0957-4174

Abstract

Abstract: Developing a computer-aided diagnostic system for detecting various types of skin malignancies from images has attracted many researchers. However, analyzing the behaviors of algorithms is as important as developing new systems in order to establish the effectiveness of a system in real-time situations which impacts greatly how well it can assist the dermatologist in making a diagnosis. Unlike many machine learning approaches such as Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Programming (GP) automatically evolves models with its dynamic representation and flexibility. This study aims at analyzing recently developed GP-based approaches to skin image classification. These approaches have utilized the intrinsic feature selection and feature construction ability of GP to effectively construct informative features from a variety of pre-extracted features. These features encompass local, global, texture, color and multi-scale image properties of skin images. The performance of these GP methods is assessed using two real-world skin image datasets captured from standard camera and specialized instruments, and compared with six commonly used classification algorithms as well as existing GP methods. The results reveal that these constructed features greatly help improve the performance of the machine learning classification algorithms. Unlike "black-box" algorithms like deep neural networks, GP models are interpretable, therefore, our analysis shows that these methods can help dermatologists identify prominent skin image features. Further, it can help researchers identify suitable feature extraction methods for images captured from a specific instrument. Being fast, these methods can be deployed for making a quick and effective diagnosis in actual clinic situations. Highlights: Proposed methods construct new models with texture, color, and wavelet features. Evolved features are highly informative to discriminate between skin image classes. New features improve classification accuracy, efficient in real-time clinic situation. Identify prominent visual features to help the dermatologist in making a diagnosis. Achieved 86.77% accuracy on difficult dataset, outperforming the state-of-the-arts.