A semi‐supervised network based on feature embeddings for image classification. Issue 4 (6th December 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Nuhoho, Raphael Elimeli; Wenyu, Chen; Baffour, Adu Asare
• Other Names: Chang Victor guestEditor.; Ramachandran Muthu guestEditor.; Li Chung‐Sheng guestEditor.; Zamorano Mariano Rincón guestEditor.; Tomás Rafael Martínez guestEditor.; Vicente José Manuel Ferrández guestEditor.
• Is Part Of: Expert systems. Volume 39:Issue 4(2022)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 2021-12-06
• Subjects: clustering -- convolutional neural network -- feature embedding -- semi‐supervised learning; Expert systems (Computer science); 006.33
• DOI: 10.1111/exsy.12908
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0266-4720

Abstract

Abstract: Deep learning approaches, including convolutional neural networks, are suitable for image classification tasks with well‐labelled data. Unfortunately, we do not always have sufficiently labelled data. Recent methods attempt to leverage labelled and unlabelled data using fine‐tuning or transfer learning. However, these methods rely on low‐level image features. This article departs from recent works and proposes a new semi‐supervised learning network that constitutes a convolutional branch and a neighbour cluster branch. Also, we introduce a new loss function that carefully optimizes the network according to the labelled/unlabelled data. In this way, we reduce any tendency to rely on low‐level features, which is the case in current methods. We use datasets from three different domains (hand‐written digits, natural images, and objects) to analyse the performance of our method. Experimental analysis shows that the network performs better by learning inherent discrimination features when integrating unlabelled data into the model's training process. Our proposed approach also provides strong generalization in the context of transfer learning. Finally, this study shows that the proposed loss function optimizes the network to produce more efficient feature embeddings for domain adaptation.