Adverse effects associated with use of specific dietary supplements: The US Military Dietary Supplement Use Study. (March 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Knapik, Joseph J.; Trone, Daniel W.; Steelman, Ryan A.; Farina, Emily K.; Lieberman, Harris R.
• Is Part Of: Food and chemical toxicology. Volume 161(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-03
• Subjects: Vitamins -- Minerals -- Protein -- Weight loss -- Pre/post workout -- Prohormone; AA Amino acid -- AE Adverse effect -- BCAA Branch chain amino acid -- BPI Be Powerful Incorporated -- BSN Bioengineered Supplements and Nutrition -- DMAA 1, 3–dimethylamylamine -- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone -- DS dietary supplement -- DSHEA Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act -- FDA Food and Drug Administration -- GNC General Nutrition Center -- MSM Methylsulfonymethane -- MVM Multivitamin/multimineral -- NDI new dietary ingredient -- RSP Revolutionary Sports Performance -- SE Standard error -- SM Service member -- US United States; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Food poisoning -- Periodicals; Food Poisoning -- Periodicals; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Toxicologie -- Périodiques; Intoxications alimentaires -- Périodiques; Food poisoning; Toxicology; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 615.9
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112840
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0278-6915

Abstract

Abstract: Dietary supplements (DSs) are used by 50% of Americans and 70% of United States military service members (SMs); some have adverse effects (AEs). This cross-sectional investigation examined AEs associated with specific DSs. A stratified random sample of SMs from the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy was obtained. Volunteers completed a questionnaire reporting AEs for 96 generic and 62 specific DSs. The highest prevalence (≥1 AE) in specific DS categories was 35% prohormones, 33% weight loss supplements, 26% pre/post workout supplements, 14% herbal products, 12% multivitamin/multiminerals, 11% protein/amino acids, 9% muscle building supplements, 7% other DSs, 6% joint health products, and 5% individual vitamins/minerals. Specific DSs of concern (with proportion reporting AEs) included: Libido Max® (35%), Hydroxycut Hardcore® (33%), OxyElite® (33%), Roxylean® (31%), Growth Factor 9® (30%), Super HD® (29%), Hydroxycut Advanced® (29%), Lipo 6® (28%), The Ripper® (27%), Test Booster® (27%), Xenadrine Xtreme Thermogenic® (27%), C4 Extreme® (26%), and C4 Original® (25%). Products marketed for weight loss, use before/after workout, and prohormones had the highest AE prevalence. DSs can contain substances with independent/additive AEs and/or interact with other ingredients or prescribed medications. Methods described here could provide a continuous surveillance system detecting dangerous DSs entering the market. Highlights: Over 26, 000 Service members reported on adverse effects of dietary supplements. A number of individual dietary supplements were associated with adverse events. 18% of pre/post workout, 15% of fat/weight loss users reported ≥1 adverse event. 10% of body building, 8% of prohormone supplement users reported ≥1 adverse event. Study provides a model for a surveillance system to detect dangerous supplements.