Endothelial contribution to COVID-19: an update on mechanisms and therapeutic implications. (March 2022) - Ma, Zhangjing
Abstract: The global propagation of SARS-CoV-2 leads to an unprecedented public health emergency. Despite that the lungs are the primary organ targeted by COVID-19, systemic endothelial inflammation and dysfunction is observed particularly in patients with severe COVID-19, manifested by elevated endothelial injury markers, endotheliitis, and coagulopathy. Here, we review the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 associated endothelial dysfunction; and the likely pathological mechanisms underlying the disease including direct cell entry or indirect immune overreactions after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we discuss potential biomarkers that might indicate the disease severity, particularly related to the abnormal development of thrombosis that is a fatal vascular complication of severe COVID-19. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials targeting the direct and indirect pathological pathways after SARS-CoV-2 infection to prevent or inhibit the virus induced endothelial disorders. Graphical abstract: Unlabelled Image Highlights: Endothelial dysfunction is a clinical characterization of COVID-19 particularly in severe cases regardless of age. The likely pathological mechanisms underlying the disease including direct cell entry or indirect immune overreactions after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biomarkers are identified to indicate the disease severity, particularly related to the abnormal development of thrombosis that is a fatal vascular complication of severe COVID-19. Clinical trials targeting the direct or indirect pathological pathways after SARS-CoV-2 infection are underway to prevent or inhibit the virus induced endothelial disorders.