Natural and Artificial Intelligence: A brief introduction to the interplay between AI and neuroscience research. (December 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Macpherson, Tom; Churchland, Anne; Sejnowski, Terry; DiCarlo, James; Kamitani, Yukiyasu; Takahashi, Hidehiko; Hikida, Takatoshi
• Is Part Of: Neural networks. Volume 144(2021)
• Page Start: 603
• Page End: 613
• Publication Date: 2021-12
• Subjects: Artificial intelligence -- Neuroscience -- Neural imaging -- Visual processing -- Working memory -- Computational psychiatry; Neural computers -- Periodicals; Neural networks (Computer science) -- Periodicals; Neural networks (Neurobiology) -- Periodicals; Nervous System -- Periodicals; Ordinateurs neuronaux -- Périodiques; Réseaux neuronaux (Informatique) -- Périodiques; Réseaux neuronaux (Neurobiologie) -- Périodiques; Neural computers; Neural networks (Computer science); Neural networks (Neurobiology); Periodicals; 006.32
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.09.018
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0893-6080

Abstract

Abstract: Neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI) share a long history of collaboration. Advances in neuroscience, alongside huge leaps in computer processing power over the last few decades, have given rise to a new generation of in silico neural networks inspired by the architecture of the brain. These AI systems are now capable of many of the advanced perceptual and cognitive abilities of biological systems, including object recognition and decision making. Moreover, AI is now increasingly being employed as a tool for neuroscience research and is transforming our understanding of brain functions. In particular, deep learning has been used to model how convolutional layers and recurrent connections in the brain's cerebral cortex control important functions, including visual processing, memory, and motor control. Excitingly, the use of neuroscience-inspired AI also holds great promise for understanding how changes in brain networks result in psychopathologies, and could even be utilized in treatment regimes. Here we discuss recent advancements in four areas in which the relationship between neuroscience and AI has led to major advancements in the field; (1) AI models of working memory, (2) AI visual processing, (3) AI analysis of big neuroscience datasets, and (4) computational psychiatry.