Effects of private tutoring intervention on students' academic achievement: A systematic review based on a three-level meta-analysis model and robust variance estimation method. (2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zhang, Enming; Liu, Yunyun
• Is Part Of: International journal of educational research. Volume 112(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022
• Subjects: Private tutoring -- Academic achievement -- Meta-analysis -- Basic education; Education -- Evaluation -- Periodicals; Curriculum evaluation -- Periodicals; Education -- Periodicals; Program Evaluation -- Periodicals; Éducation -- Évaluation -- Périodiques; Programmes d'études -- Evaluation -- Périodiques; Éducation -- Recherche -- Périodiques; Curriculum evaluation; Education -- Evaluation; Periodicals; 370.72
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101949
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0883-0355

Abstract

Highlights: The three-level meta-analysis and robust variance estimation method could be used in educational synthesis research. It is a quantitative synthesis of evidence from experimental research on private tutoring, which was lacking in the past. Private tutoring intervention could increase students' academic achievement (effect sizes of 0.42–0.67 regarding three conditions). Among 13 background variables, the moderating effects of region and subject were found. Abstract: Private tutoring has been welcomed by populations worldwide. However, there is a lack of synthesis of relevant experimental research. A three-level meta-analysis model and the robust variance estimation method were fitted to synthesize 78 effect sizes of 22 experimental studies (involving 6750 participants) in recent 20 years. The results showed medium overall effect sizes in the single-group pretest-posttest (SPP), independent-groups posttest (IP), and independent-groups pretest–posttest (IPP) conditions ( d1 = 0.59, d2 = 0.42, d3 = 0.67); publication bias existed only in IP condition; and among all 13 moderators, the moderating effects of two variables (region and subject) were found. The discussion of the findings and issues related to the results and meta-analysis makes recommendations for future research themes and methods.