Occurrence of benzothiazole, benzotriazole and benzenesulfonamide derivates in outdoor air particulate matter samples and human exposure assessment. (February 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Maceira, Alba; Marcé, Rosa Maria; Borrull, Francesc
• Is Part Of: Chemosphere. Volume 193(2018)
• Page Start: 557
• Page End: 566
• Publication Date: 2018-02
• Subjects: Benzothiazoles -- Benzotriazoles -- Benzenesulfonamides -- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry -- Human exposure -- Outdoor air; Gas chromatography GC -- mass spectrometry MS -- pressurised liquid extraction PLE -- particulate matter PM -- benzothiazoles BTHs -- benzotriazoles BTRs -- benzenesulfonamides BSAs -- quartz fibre filters QFFs -- detection rate DR -- health risk HR -- average daily dose ADD; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Physiological effect -- Periodicals; Environmental sciences -- Periodicals; Atmospheric chemistry -- Periodicals; 551.511
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.073
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0045-6535

Abstract

Abstract: Benzothiazole (BTHs), benzotriazole (BTRs) and benzenesulfonamide (BSAs) derivates are high production volume chemicals and they are used in several industrial and household applications, therefore it is expected their occurrence in various environments, especially water and air. In this study we developed a method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) to simultaneously determine four BTR, five BTH and six BSA derivates in the particulate matter (PM10 ) of outdoor air samples collected in quartz fibre filters (QFFs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these compounds have been determined in open ambient environments. Under optimised conditions, method recoveries at the lower and upper concentration levels (0.8 and 4.2 ng m −3 ) ranged from 70 to 120%, except for 1- H -benzothiazole and 2-chlorobenzothiazole, which were about 50%. The repeatability of the method was usually below 20% (n = 3, %RSD) for both concentration levels. This method enables the contaminants to be detected at pg m −3 concentration levels. Several samples from two different sites influenced by local industries showed that BTRs, followed by BTHs, were the most detected compounds, whereas BSAs were hardly found. The most frequently determined compounds were 1- H -benzothiazole, 2-chlorobenzothiazole, 1- H -benzotriazole, 2-hydroxibenzothiazole, 5, 6-dimethyl-1- H -benzotriazole and the isomers 4- and 5-methyl-1- H -benzotriazole. With the concentrations found, the human exposure assessment and health risk characterization via ambient inhalation were also evaluated taking into account different subpopulation groups classified by age for the two sampling points. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: PLE enables the extraction of most compounds at recovery values higher than 75%. GC-MS is a well suitable technique to determine BTHs, BTRs and BSAs at low levels. Most of the BTR and BTH derivates were detected in all outdoor PM10 samples. BSAs were the less detected and abundant compounds. A BT health risk of 0.003% was calculated for the worst of the possible scenarios.