Incidence of somatic and F+ coliphage in Great Lake Basin recreational waters. (1st September 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Wanjugi, Pauline; Sivaganesan, Mano; Korajkic, Asja; McMinn, Brian; Kelty, Catherine A.; Rhodes, Eric; Cyterski, Mike; Zepp, Richard; Oshima, Kevin; Stachler, Elyse; Kinzelman, Julie; Kurdas, Stephan R.; Citriglia, Mark; Hsu, Fu-Chih; Acrey, Brad; Shanks, Orin C.
• Is Part Of: Water research. Volume 140(2018)
• Page Start: 200
• Page End: 210
• Publication Date: 2018-09-01
• Subjects: Great Lakes -- Coliphage -- Fecal indicators; Water -- Pollution -- Research -- Periodicals; 363.7394
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.055
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0043-1354

Abstract

Abstract: There is a growing interest for the use of coliphage as an alternative indicator to assess fecal pollution in recreational waters. Coliphage are a group of viruses that infect Escherichia coli and are considered as potential surrogates to infer the likely presence of enteric viral pathogens. We report the use of a dead-end hollow fiber ultrafiltration single agar layer method to enumerate F+ and somatic coliphage from surface waters collected from three Great Lake areas. At each location, three sites (two beaches; one river) were sampled five days a week over the 2015 beach season (n = 609 total samples). In addition, culturable E. coli and enterococci concentrations, as well as 16 water quality and recreational area parameters were assessed such as rainfall, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ultra violet absorbance. Overall, somatic coliphage levels ranged from non-detectable to 4.39 log10 plaque forming units per liter and were consistently higher compared to F+ (non-detectable to 3.15 log10 PFU/L), regardless of sampling site. Coliphage concentrations weakly correlated with cultivated fecal indicator bacteria levels ( E. coli and enterococci) at 75% of beach sites tested in study (r = 0.28 to 0.40). In addition, ultraviolet light absorption and water temperature were closely associated with coliphage concentrations, but not fecal indicator bacteria levels suggesting different persistence trends in Great Lake waters between indicator types (bacteria versus virus). Finally, implications for coliphage water quality management and future research directions are discussed. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: D-HFUF-SAL allowed for simultaneous measurement of somatic and F+ coliphage. E. coli and enterococci indicator levels were consistently higher than coliphage. Coliphage levels weakly correlated with indicator bacteria (r ≤ 0.04) at 75% of beach sites. Ultraviolet light absorption and water temperature closely associated with coliphage levels. Water quality and recreational parameters were better predictors of indicator bacteria.