Assessing causal links between metabolic traits, inflammation and schizophrenia: a univariable and multivariable, bidirectional Mendelian-randomization study. (31st August 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Lin, Bochao D; Alkema, Anne; Peters, Triinu; Zinkstok, Janneke; Libuda, Lars; Hebebrand, Johannes; Antel, Jochen; Hinney, Anke; Cahn, Wiepke; Adan, Roger; Luykx, Jurjen J
• Is Part Of: International journal of epidemiology. Volume 48:Number 5(2019)
• Page Start: 1505
• Page End: 1514
• Publication Date: 2019-08-31
• Subjects: C-reactive protein -- blood metabolites -- schizophrenia -- Mendelian randomization; Epidemiology -- Periodicals; 614.4
• DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz176
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0300-5771

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Blood immunoreactive biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and metabolic abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia. Studies comprehensively and bidirectionally probing possible causal links between such blood constituents and liability to schizophrenia are lacking. Methods: To disentangle putative causal links between CRP blood levels and schizophrenia in both directions, we conducted multiple univariable Mendelian-randomization (MR) analyses, ranging from fixed-effect to inverse variance-weighted (IVW), weighted-median, MR Egger and generalized summary-data-based Mendelian-randomization (GSMR) models. To prioritize metabolic risk factors for schizophrenia, a novel multivariable approach was applied: multivariable Mendelian-randomization–Bayesian model averaging (MR-BMA). Results: All forward univariable MR analyses consistently showed that CRP has a protective effect on schizophrenia, whereas reverse MR analyses consistently suggested absent causal effects of schizophrenia liability on CRP blood levels. Using MR-BMA, as the top protective factors for schizophrenia we prioritized leucine and as the prime risk-factor triglycerides in medium very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The five best-performing MR-BMA models provided one additional risk factor: triglycerides in large VLDL; and two additional protective factors: citrate and lactate. Conclusions: Our results add to a growing body of literature hinting at metabolic changes—in particular of triglycerides—independently of medication status in schizophrenia. We also highlight the absent effects of genetic liability to schizophrenia on CRP levels.