Mass Azithromycin Distribution and Community Microbiome: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. (24th July 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Doan, Thuy; Hinterwirth, Armin; Arzika, Ahmed M; Cotter, Sun Y; Ray, Kathryn J; O'Brien, Kieran S; Zhong, Lina; Chow, Eric D; Zhou, Zhaoxia; Cummings, Susie L; Fry, Dionna; Oldenburg, Catherine E; Worden, Lee; Porco, Travis C; Keenan, Jeremy D; Lietman, Thomas M
• Is Part Of: Open forum infectious diseases. Volume 5:Number 8(2018)
• Publication Date: 2018-07-24
• Subjects: antibiotics -- azithromycin -- children -- gut microbiome -- randomized controlled trial; Communicable diseases -- Periodicals; Medical microbiology -- Periodicals; Infection -- Periodicals; 616.9
• DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy182
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2328-8957

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Mass distributions of oral azithromycin have long been used to eliminate trachoma, and they are now being proposed to reduce childhood mortality. The observed benefit appears to be augmented with each additional treatment, suggesting a possible community-level effect. Here, we assess whether 2 biannual mass treatments of preschool children affect the community's gut microbiome at 6 months after the last distribution. Methods: In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, children aged 1–60 months in the Dossa region of Niger were randomized at the village level to receive a single dose of azithromycin or placebo every 6 months. Fecal samples were collected 6 months after the second treatment for metagenomic deep sequencing. The prespecified primary outcome was the Euclidean PERMANOVA of the gut microbiome, or effectively the distance between the genus-level centroid at the community level, with the secondary outcome being the Simpson's α diversity. Results: In the azithromycin arm, the gut microbial structures were significantly different than in the placebo arm (Euclidean PERMANOVA, P < .001). Further, the diversity of the gut microbiome in the azithromycin arm was significantly lower than in the placebo arm (inverse Simpson's index, P = .005). Conclusions: Two mass azithromycin administrations, 6 months apart, in preschool children led to long-term alterations of the gut microbiome structure and community diversity. Here, long-term microbial alterations in the community did not imply disease but were associated with an improvement in childhood mortality. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02048007.