Selective laser melting of metal structures onto graphite substrates via a low melting point interlayer alloy. (March 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Azizi, Arad; Chen, Xiaobo; Gou, Feilin; Hejripour, Fatemeh; Goodman, Jacob A.; Bae, In-Tae; Rangarajan, Srikanth; Arvin, Charles L.; Sammakia, Bahgat G.; Ke, Changhong; Zhou, Guangwen; Schiffres, Scott N.
• Is Part Of: Applied materials today. Volume 26(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-03
• Subjects: SLM selective laser melting -- RMS root mean square -- SEM scanning electron microscopy -- SE secondary electron -- BSE backscattered electrons -- EDS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy -- TEM transmission electron microscopy -- HRTEM high-resolution transmission electron microscopy -- CP specific heat capacity -- ED energy density -- P laser power -- S laser scanning speed -- H hatch distance -- L layer thickness -- HAADF high-angle annular dark field -- STEM scanning transmission electron microscopy -- XRD X-ray diffraction -- CTE coefficient of thermal expansion -- Ea activation energy -- kB Boltzmann constant -- T absolute temperature -- V shear force -- A cross-sectional area -- τmax maximum shear stress; Dissimilar material bonding -- Graphite-metal bonding -- Selective laser melting (SLM) -- Thermal transport in additive manufacturing -- High heat flux electronics cooling; Materials science -- Periodicals; Materials -- Research -- Periodicals; 620.1105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101334
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2352-9407

Abstract

Highlights: Demonstrated an additive manufacturing process that bonds metals onto graphite. Robust metal features can be printed onto polycrystalline and pyrolytic graphite. Selective laser melting enhances diffusion of reactive species and wetting. The Ti in the Sn3Ag4Ti alloy formed a 10 nm TiC layer at the graphite interface. Electronics cooling devices can use graphite to improve thermal performance. Abstract: We demonstrate a process to selective laser melt a metal alloy directly onto graphite. The heat transfer applications of metal features printed onto annealed pyrolytic graphite are compelling, as pyrolytic graphite has the second highest in-plane thermal conductivity (>1500 W/m-K at room temperature) of any bulk material. While the bonding of metal alloys commonly used in selective laser melting (SLM) with graphite is relatively weak, the proper interlayer material drastically improves the wetting and bonding. The challenge is the alloys that typically bond to graphite require extended bonding times at elevated temperatures (minutes to hours), while the SLM process delivers only brief exposures to high temperatures (∼100 µs). In this paper, we employ a Sn3Ag4Ti alloy that rapidly forms a nanometer-thin layer of TiC, as verified by transmission electron microscopy. The influence of graphite thermal properties on interfacial bond strength is shown by mechanical testing and simulations of selective laser melting. Graphical abstract: Image, graphical abstract