Wireless phone use in childhood and adolescence and neuroepithelial brain tumours: Results from the international MOBI-Kids study. (February 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Castaño-Vinyals, G.; Sadetzki, S.; Vermeulen, R.; Momoli, F.; Kundi, M.; Merletti, F.; Maslanyj, M.; Calderon, C.; Wiart, J.; Lee, A.-K.; Taki, M.; Sim, M.; Armstrong, B.; Benke, G.; Schattner, R.; Hutter, H.-P.; Krewski, D.; Mohipp, C.; Ritvo, P.; Spinelli, J.; Lacour, B.; Remen, T.; Radon, K.; Weinmann, T.; Petridou, E.Th.; Moschovi, M.; Pourtsidis, A.; Oikonomou, K.; Kanavidis, P.; Bouka, E.; Dikshit, R.; Nagrani, R.; Chetrit, A.; Bruchim, R.; Maule, M.; Migliore, E.; Filippini, G.; Miligi, L.; Mattioli, S.; Kojimahara, N.; Yamaguchi, N.; Ha, M.; Choi, K.; Kromhout, H.; Goedhart, G.; 't Mannetje, A.; Eng, A.; Langer, C.E.; Alguacil, J.; Aragonés, N.; Morales-Suárez-Varela, M.; Badia, F.; Albert, A.; Carretero, G.; Cardis, E.;
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 160(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-02
• Subjects: Brain tumours -- Mobile phones -- Wireless phones -- Young people -- Radiofrequency radiation -- Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; BT brain tumour -- CI confidence interval -- CICD cumulative induced current density -- COG centre of gravity -- CSE cumulative specific energy -- DECT digital enhanced cordless telecommunications -- ELF extremely low frequency -- EMF electromagnetic fields -- IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer -- ICD-O International Classification of Diseases for Oncology -- MRI magnetic resonance imaging -- NBT neuro-epithelial brain tumours -- OR odds ratio -- RF radiofrequency electromagnetic fields -- VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol -- WHO World Health Organisation -- Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107069
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: Increasing use of mobile technologies by young people is a topic of public health concern. MOBI-Kids studied brain tumour risk and wireless phone use (and EMF) in 14 countries. The study includes 899 brain tumour cases aged 10–24 years old and 1, 910 controls. We have no evidence of a causal association between wireless phone use and brain tumours. Because of likely biases we cannot rule out a small increased risk. Abstract: In recent decades, the possibility that use of mobile communicating devices, particularly wireless (mobile and cordless) phones, may increase brain tumour risk, has been a concern, particularly given the considerable increase in their use by young people. MOBI-Kids, a 14-country (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain) case-control study, was conducted to evaluate whether wireless phone use (and particularly resulting exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF)) increases risk of brain tumours in young people. Between 2010 and 2015, the study recruited 899 people with brain tumours aged 10 to 24 years old and 1, 910 controls (operated for appendicitis) matched to the cases on date of diagnosis, study region and age. Participation rates were 72% for cases and 54% for controls. The mean ages of cases and controls were 16.5 and 16.6 years, respectively; 57% were males. The vast majority of study participants were wireless phones users, even in the youngest age group, and the study included substantial numbers of long-term (over 10 years) users: 22% overall, 51% in the 20–24-year-olds. Most tumours were of the neuroepithelial type (NBT; n = 671), mainly glioma. The odds ratios (OR) of NBT appeared to decrease with increasing time since start of use of wireless phones, cumulative number of calls and cumulative call time, particularly in the 15–19 years old age group. A decreasing trend in ORs was also observed with increasing estimated cumulative RF specific energy and ELF induced current density at the location of the tumour. Further analyses suggest that the large number of ORs below 1 in this study is unlikely to represent an unknown causal preventive effect of mobile phone exposure: they can be at least partially explained by differential recall by proxies and prodromal symptoms affecting phone use before diagnosis of the cases. We cannot rule out, however, residual confounding from sources we did not measure. Overall, our study provides no evidence of a causal association between wireless phone use and brain tumours in young people. However, the sources of bias summarised above prevent us from ruling out a small increased risk.