Interactive effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and cytotoxicity of the fish-killing microalgal species Heterosigma akashiwo and Pseudochattonella verruculosa. (January 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sandoval-Sanhueza, Alondra; Aguilera-Belmonte, Alejandra; Basti, Leila; Figueroa, Rosa I.; Molinet, Carlos; Álvarez, Gonzalo; Oyanedel, Sandra; Riobó, Pilar; Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Guido; Díaz, Patricio A.
• Is Part Of: Marine pollution bulletin. Volume 174(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-01
• Subjects: HAB -- Temperature -- Salinity -- Ichthyotoxicity -- Chinook salmon -- Fish embryo cell lines; Marine pollution -- Periodicals; Marine Biology -- Periodicals; Water Pollution -- Periodicals; Mer -- Pollution -- Périodiques; Publications périodiques; Pollution des mers; Lutte antipollution; Electronic journals; 363.7394
• DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113234
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0025-326X

Abstract

Abstract: Fish-killing blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo and Pseudochattonella verruculosa have been devastating for the farmed salmon industry, but in Southern Chile the conditions that promote the growth and toxicity of these microalgae are poorly understood. This study examined the effects of different combinations of temperature (12, 15, 18 °C) and salinity (10, 20, 30 psu) on the growth of Chilean strains of these two species. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions for H. akashiwo and P. verruculosa differed, with a maximum rate of 0.99 day −1 obtained at 15 °C and a salinity of 20 psu for H . akashiwo, and a maximum rate of 1.06 day −1 obtained at 18 °C and a salinity of 30 psu for P. verruculosa . Cytotoxic assays (2 × 10 1 – 2 × 10 5 cell mL −1 ; cells, filtrates, and cell lysates) performed at salinities of 20 and 30 psu showed a 100% reduction in the viability of embryonic fish cells exposed to intact cells of H . akashiwo and a 39% reduction following exposure to culture filtrates of P. verruculosa . Differences in the fish-killing mechanisms (direct cell contact vs. extracellular substances) and physiological traits of H . akashiwo and P. verruculosa explain the recent occurrence of very large blooms under contrasting (cold-brackish vs. hot-salty) extreme climate conditions in Chile. Highlights: H . akashiwo thrives over a wide temperature-salinity range and is toxic via direct cell contact P . verrucolosa requires a high temperature and high salinity and is toxic via released toxins. H. akashiwo is harmful at low cell densities and P. verruculosa at high cell densities. Interactions of environmental factors must be considered for effective aquaculture management.