CORF3D contour maps with application to Holstein cattle recognition from RGB and thermal images. (15th April 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bhole, Amey; Udmale, Sandeep S.; Falzon, Owen; Azzopardi, George
• Is Part Of: Expert systems with applications. Volume 192(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-04-15
• Subjects: Animal biometrics -- Cattle recognition -- Contour detection -- ConvNets -- Push–pull inhibition -- Thermal images; Expert systems (Computer science) -- Periodicals; Systèmes experts (Informatique) -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 006.33
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2021.116354
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0957-4174

Abstract

Abstract: Livestock management involves the monitoring of farm animals by tracking certain physiological and phenotypical characteristics over time. In the dairy industry, for instance, cattle are typically equipped with RFID ear tags. The corresponding data (e.g. milk properties) can then be automatically assigned to the respective cow when they enter the milking station. In order to move towards a more scalable, affordable, and welfare-friendly approach, automatic non-invasive solutions are more desirable. Thus, a non-invasive approach is proposed in this paper for the automatic identification of individual Holstein cattle from the side view while exiting a milking station. It considers input images from a thermal-RGB camera. The thermal images are used to delineate the cow from the background. Subsequently, any occluding rods from the milking station are removed and inpainted with the fast marching algorithm. Then, it extracts the RGB map of the segmented cattle along with a novel CORF3D contour map. The latter contains three contour maps extracted by the Combination of Receptive Fields (CORF) model with different strengths of push–pull inhibition. This mechanism suppresses noise in the form of grain type texture. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by means of experiments using a 5-fold and a leave-one day-out cross-validation on a new data set of 3694 images of 383 cows collected from the Dairy Campus in Leeuwarden (the Netherlands) over 9 days. In particular, when combining RGB and CORF3D maps by late fusion, an average accuracy of 99 . 64 % ( ± 0 . 13 ) was obtained for the 5-fold cross validation and 99 . 71 % ( ± 0 . 31 ) for the leave-one day-out experiment. The two maps were combined by first learning two ConvNet classification models, one for each type of map. The feature vectors in the two FC layers obtained from training images were then concatenated and used to learn a linear SVM classification model. In principle, the proposed approach with the novel CORF3D contour maps is suitable for various image classification applications, especially where grain type texture is a confounding variable. Highlights: We propose a non-invasive and vision-based approach for Holstein cattle recognition. It is based on a single shot that captures an RGB and a thermal image simultaneously. It uses novel CORF3D contour maps that suppress noise surrounding salient contours. A new data set of 3694 images and 383 cows was collected and used for evaluation. we achieve an average accuracy of 99.71% (±0.31) with leave-on day-out cross validation.