Analyzing long lasting effects of environmental policies: Evidence from low, middle and high income economies. (January 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ozcan, Burcu; Ulucak, Recep; Dogan, Eyup
• Is Part Of: Sustainable cities and society. Volume 44(2019)
• Page Start: 130
• Page End: 143
• Publication Date: 2019-01
• Subjects: Environmental damage -- Ecological footprint -- Persistence -- Stationarity -- SPSM; Sustainable urban development -- Periodicals; Sustainable buildings -- Periodicals; Urban ecology (Sociology) -- Periodicals; 307.76
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.025
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2210-6707

Abstract

Highlights: Long lasting effects of environmental policies are investigated. Ecological footprints of countries classified by income level are analyzed. Panel KSS unit root test alongside the SPSM procedure is applied. Persistence for policies is obtained for lower-middle income countries. Abstract: This study investigates whether or not environmental policies have long lasting effects by analyzing stochastic properties of ecological footprint that recently attracts a great attention and is accepted as a broader measure of the environmental degradation in the literature. To this end, countries are classified by income groups and the panel KSS unit root test alongside the SPSM procedure are utilized based on the annual data from 1961 to 2013. The empirical results show that ecological footprint has stationary process for all high-income countries and for about the half of the low-income and upper-middle income economies, whereas non-stationarity is verified for the lower-middle income economies. Crucial policy implications are further discussed.