Biological and clinical correlates of the patient health questionnaire-9: exploratory cross-sectional analyses of the baseline health study. Issue 1 (4th January 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Califf, Robert M; Wong, Celeste; Doraiswamy, P Murali; Hong, David S; Miller, David P; Mega, Jessica L
• Other Names: author non-byline.; Schilsky Richard L author non-byline.; Allen Jennifer author non-byline.; Anderson MaryAnn author non-byline.; Anstrom Kevin author non-byline.; Araujo Lucus author non-byline.; Arges Kristine author non-byline.; Ardalan Kaveh author non-byline.; Baldwin Bridget author non-byline.; Balu Suresh author non-byline.; Bashir Mustafa R author non-byline.; Bhapkar Manju author non-byline.; Bigelow Robert author non-byline.; Black Tanya author non-byline.; Blanco Rosalia author non-byline.; Bloomfield Gerald author non-byline.; Borkar Durga author non-byline.; Bouk Leah author non-byline.; Boulware Ebony author non-byline.; Brugnoni Nikki author non-byline.; Campbell Erin author non-byline.; Campbell Paul author non-byline.; Carin Larry author non-byline.; Cassella Tammy Jo author non-byline.; Cates Tina author non-byline.; Montgomery Ranee Chatterjee author non-byline.; Christian Victoria author non-byline.; Choong John author non-byline.; Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael author non-byline.; Cook Elizabeth author non-byline.; Cousins Scott author non-byline.; Crawford Ashley author non-byline.; Datta Nisha author non-byline.; Daubert Melissa author non-byline.; Davis James author non-byline.; Dirkes Jillian author non-byline.; Doan Isabelle author non-byline.; Dockery Marie author non-byline.; Murali Doraiswamy P author non-byline.; Douglas Pamela S author non-byline.; Duckworth Shelly author non-byline.; Dunham Ashley author non-byline.; Dunn Gary author non-byline.; Ebersohl Ryan author non-byline.; Eckstrand Julie author non-byline.; Fang Vivienne author non-byline.; Flora April author non-byline.; Ford Emily author non-byline.; Foster Lucia author non-byline.; Fraulo Elizabeth author non-byline.; French John author non-byline.; Ginsburg Geoffrey S author non-byline.; Green Cindy author non-byline.; Greene Latoya author non-byline.; Guptill Jeffrey author non-byline.; Hamel Donna author non-byline.; Hamill Jennifer author non-byline.; Harrington Chris author non-byline.; Harrison Rob author non-byline.; Hedges Lauren author non-byline.; Heidenfelder Brooke author non-byline.; Hernandez Adrian F author non-byline.; Heydary Cindy author non-byline.; Hicks Tim author non-byline.; Hight Lina author non-byline.; Hopkins Deborah author non-byline.; Huang Erich S author non-byline.; Huh Grace author non-byline.; Hurst Jillian author non-byline.; Inman Kelly author non-byline.; Janas Gemini author non-byline.; Jaffee Glenn author non-byline.; Johnson Janace author non-byline.; Keaton Tiffanie author non-byline.; Khouri Michel author non-byline.; King Daniel author non-byline.; Korzekwinski Jennifer author non-byline.; Koweek Lynne H author non-byline.; Kuo Anthony author non-byline.; Kwee Lydia author non-byline.; Landis Dawn author non-byline.; Lipsky Rachele author non-byline.; Lopez Desiree author non-byline.; Lowry Carolyn author non-byline.; Marcom Kelly author non-byline.; Marsolo Keith author non-byline.; McAdams Paige author non-byline.; McCall Shannon author non-byline.; McGarrah Robert author non-byline.; McGugan John author non-byline.; Mee Dani author non-byline.; Mervin-Blake Sabrena author non-byline.; Mettu Prithu author non-byline.; Meyer Mathias author non-byline.; Meyers Justin author non-byline.; Miller Calire N author non-byline.; Moen Rebecca author non-byline.; Muhlbaier Lawrence H author non-byline.; Murphy Michael author non-byline.; Neely Ben author non-byline.; Kristin Newby L author non-byline.; Nicoldson Jayne author non-byline.; Nguyen Hoang author non-byline.; Nguyen Maggie author non-byline.; O'Brien Lori author non-byline.; Onal Sumru author non-byline.; O'Quinn Jeremey author non-byline.; Page David author non-byline.; Pagidipati Neha J author non-byline.; Parikh Kishan author non-byline.; Palmer Sarah R author non-byline.; Patrick-Lake Bray author non-byline.; Pattison Brenda author non-byline.; Pencina Michael author non-byline.; Peterson Eric D author non-byline.; Piccini Jon author non-byline.; Poole Terry author non-byline.; Povsic Tom author non-byline.; Provencher Alicia author non-byline.; Rabineau Dawn author non-byline.; Rich Annette author non-byline.; Rimmer Susan author non-byline.; Schwartz Fides author non-byline.; Serafin Angela author non-byline.; Shah Nishant author non-byline.; Shah Svati author non-byline.; Shields Kelly author non-byline.; Shipes Steven author non-byline.; Shrader Peter author non-byline.; Stiber Jon author non-byline.; Sutton Lynn author non-byline.; Swamy Geeta author non-byline.; Thomas Betsy author non-byline.; Torres Sandra author non-byline.; Tucci Debara author non-byline.; Twisdale Anthony author non-byline.; Walker Brooke author non-byline.; Whitney Susan A author non-byline.; Williamson Robin author non-byline.; Wilverding Lauren author non-byline.; Wong Charlene A author non-byline.; Wruck Lisa author non-byline.; Perlmutter Jane author non-byline.; Krug Sarah author non-byline.; Whitney Bowman-Zatzkin S author non-byline.; Krug Sarah author non-byline.; Assimes Themistocles author non-byline.; Bajaj Vikram author non-byline.; Cheong Maxwell author non-byline.; Das Millie author non-byline.; Desai Manisha author non-byline.; Fan Alice C author non-byline.; Fleischmann Dominik author non-byline.; Gambhir Sanjiv S author non-byline.; Gold Garry author non-byline.; Haddad Francois author non-byline.; Hong David author non-byline.; Langlotz Curtis author non-byline.; Liao Yaping J author non-byline.; Lu Rong author non-byline.; Mahaffey Kenneth W author non-byline.; Maron David author non-byline.; McCue Rebecca author non-byline.; Munshi Rajan author non-byline.; Rodriguez Fatima author non-byline.; Shashidhar Sumana author non-byline.; Sledge George author non-byline.; Spielman Susie author non-byline.; Spitler Ryan author non-byline.; Swope Sue author non-byline.; Williams Donna author non-byline.; Pepine Carl J author non-byline.; Lantos John D author non-byline.; Pignone Michael author non-byline.; Heagerty Patrick author non-byline.; Beskow Laura author non-byline.; Bernard Gordon author non-byline.; Abad Kelley author non-byline.; Angi Giulia author non-byline.; Califf Robert M author non-byline.; Deang Lawrence author non-byline.; Huynh Joy author non-byline.; Liu Manway author non-byline.; Mao Cherry author non-byline.; Magdaleno Michael author non-byline.; Marks William J author non-byline.; Mega Jessica author non-byline.; Miller David author non-byline.; Ong Nicole author non-byline.; Patel Darshita author non-byline.; Ridaura Vanessa author non-byline.; Shore Scarlet author non-byline.; Short Sarah author non-byline.; Tran Michelle author non-byline.; Vu Veronica author non-byline.; Wong Celeste author non-byline.; Green Robert C author non-byline.; Hernandez John author non-byline.; Benge Jolene author non-byline.; Negrete Gislia author non-byline.; Sierra Gelsey author non-byline.; Schaack Terry author non-byline.;
• Is Part Of: BMJ open. Volume 12:Issue 1(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-01-04
• Subjects: mental health -- public health -- depression & mood disorders -- anxiety disorders; Medicine -- Research -- Periodicals; 610.72
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054741
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2044-6055

Abstract

Abstract : Objectives: We assessed the relationship between the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at intake and other measurements intended to assess biological factors, markers of disease and health status. Design, setting and participants: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 2365 participants from the Baseline Health Study, a prospective cohort of adults selected to represent major demographic groups in the USA. Participants underwent deep phenotyping on demographic, clinical, laboratory, functional and imaging findings. Importance: Despite extensive research on the clinical implications of the PHQ-9, data are limited on the relationship between PHQ-9 scores and other measures of health and disease; we sought to better understand this relationship. Interventions: None. Main outcomes and measures: Cross-sectional measures of medical illnesses, gait, balance strength, activities of daily living, imaging and laboratory tests. Results: Compared with lower PHQ-9 scores, higher scores were associated with female sex (46.9%–66.7%), younger participants (53.6–42.4 years) and compromised physical status (higher resting heart rates (65 vs 75 bpm), larger body mass index (26.5–30 kg/m 2 ), greater waist circumference (91–96.5 cm)) and chronic conditions, including gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (13.2%–24.7%) and asthma (9.5%–20.4%) (p<0.0001). Increasing PHQ-9 score was associated with a higher frequency of comorbidities (migraines (6%–20.4%)) and active symptoms (leg cramps (6.4%–24.7%), mood change (1.2%–47.3%), lack of energy (1.2%–57%)) (p<0.0001). After adjustment for relevant demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and medical characteristics, we found that memory change, tension, shortness of breath and indicators of musculoskeletal symptoms (backache and neck pain) are related to higher PHQ-9 scores (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Our study highlights how: (1) even subthreshold depressive symptoms (measured by PHQ-9) may be indicative of several individual- and population-level concerns that demand more attention; and (2) depression should be considered a comorbidity in common disease. Trial registration number: NCT03154346 .