Unknotting numbers of 2‐spheres in the 4‐sphere. Issue 4 (28th October 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Joseph, Jason M.; Klug, Michael R.; Ruppik, Benjamin M.; Schwartz, Hannah R.
• Is Part Of: Journal of topology. Volume 14:Issue 4(2021)
• Page Start: 1321
• Page End: 1350
• Publication Date: 2021-10-28
• Subjects: 57K10 -- 57K40 -- 57K45 -- 57R42 -- 57R52 (primary); Topology -- Periodicals; 514.05
• DOI: 10.1112/topo.12209
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1753-8416

Abstract

Abstract: We compare two naturally arising notions of 'unknotting number' for 2‐spheres in the 4‐sphere: namely, the minimal number of 1‐handle stabilizations needed to obtain an unknotted surface, and the minimal number of Whitney moves required in a regular homotopy to the unknotted 2‐sphere. We refer to these invariants as the stabilization number and the Casson–Whitney number of the sphere, respectively. Using both algebraic and geometric techniques, we show that the stabilization number is bounded above by one more than the Casson–Whitney number. We also provide explicit families of spheres for which these invariants are equal, as well as families for which they are distinct. Furthermore, we give additional bounds for both invariants, concrete examples of their non‐additivity, and applications to classical unknotting number of 1‐knots.