Application of model predictive control to grid flexibility provision by distributed energy resources in residential dwellings under uncertainty. (15th January 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sasaki, Kento; Aki, Hirohisa; Ikegami, Takashi
• Is Part Of: Energy. Volume 239:Part B(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-01-15
• Subjects: Grid flexibility -- Renewable energy -- Distributed energy resources -- Combined heat and power -- Time-of-use electricity rate -- Aggregators -- Real-time operation; Power resources -- Periodicals; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy consumption -- Periodicals; 333.7905
• DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122183
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0360-5442

Abstract

Abstract: Owing to the high penetration of renewable energy sources, power systems require more flexibility to respond to the fluctuation of variable renewable energy sources. However, flexibility provision by distributed energy resources (DERs) installed on the demand side is a cost-effective measure. In this study, we proposed a scheme that utilizes time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates as an incentive to encourage residential prosumers to provide more flexibility by controlling the DERs. In particular, we developed an energy management system model that applies model predictive control. The TOU rates were designed by an aggregator who traded with markets and prosumers. The DERs of residential prosumers were fuel cells with combined heat and power, CO2 heat pump water heaters, or batteries. Numerical simulations using measured energy demand and insolation data were performed to evaluate the performance of the developed model. According to the results, the developed model could integrate prediction errors and provide flexibility to the grid. Finally, the economies of the aggregator and prosumers were also evaluated. Highlights: Flexibility provision by DERs studied by interaction model of aggregator/prosumers. A model predictive control based–EMS model for optimal real-time operation developed. Developed EMS model was evaluated by simulations with predicted and real data. TOU rates effectively encourages prosumers to provide demand-side flexibility. Different type of DERs including fuel cells, water heater, and battery considered.