Intraoperative pathologically-calibrated diagnosis of lymph nodes involved by breast cancer cells based on electrical impedance spectroscopy; a prospective diagnostic human model study. (December 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Mahdavi, Reihane; Yousefpour, Narges; Abbasvandi, Fereshteh; Ataee, Hossein; Hoseinpour, Parisa; Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil; Parniani, Mohammad; Delshad, Belal; Avatefi, Maryam; Nourinejad, Zeinab; Abdolhosseini, Saeed; Mehrvarz, Sajad; Hajighasemi, Farzane; Abdolahad, Mohammad
• Is Part Of: International journal of surgery. Volume 96(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-12
• Subjects: Lymph node involvement by cancer -- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy -- Fatty acid oxidation -- Intraoperative -- Electrical impedance spectroscopy -- Impedance phase slope -- Admittance; Surgery -- Periodicals; Surgical Procedures, Operative -- Periodicals; 617.005
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106166
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1743-9191

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Nodal status evaluation is a crucial step in determining prognostic factors and managing treatment strategies for breast cancer patients. Preoperative (CNB), intraoperative (SLNB), and even postoperative techniques (Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded sectioning, FFPE) have definite limitations of precision or sometimes are time-consuming for the result declaration. The primary purpose of this prospective study is to provide a precise complementary system for distinguishing lymph nodes (LNs) involved by cancerous cells in breast cancer patients intraoperatively. Methods: The proposed system, Electrical Lymph Scoring(ELS), is designed based on the dielectric properties of the under-test LNs. The system has a needle-shaped 2-electrode probe entered into SLNs or ALNs dissected from patients through standard surgical guidelines. Impedance magnitude in f = 1 kH (Z1kHz ) and Impedance Phase Slope in frequency ranges of 100 kHz–500 kHz (IPS) were then extracted from the impedance spectroscopy data in a cohort study of 77 breast cancer patients(totally 282 dissected LNs) who had been undergone surgery before (n = 55) or after (n = 22) chemical therapies (non-neoadjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy). A new admittance parameter ( Y n ′ ) also proposed for LN detection in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients. Results: Considering the permanent pathology result as the gold standard checked by two independent expert pathologists, a significant correlation was observed between the presence of cancerous cells in LNs and individual ranges of the ELS electrical responses. Compared with normal LNs containing fatty ambient and immune cells, LNs involved by cancerous clusters would reduce the Z1kHz and increase the IPS. These changes correlate with fat metabolism by cancer cells due to their Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) in LN, which results in different dielectric properties between high and low-fat content of normal and cancerous LNs, respectively. Conclusions: By finding the best correlation between our defined impedimetric parameters and pathological states of tested LNs, a real-time intraoperative detection approach was developed for highly-sensitive (92%, P<0.001) diagnosis of involved sentinel or axillary LNs. The impact of real-time intraoperative scoring of SLNs would make a pre-estimation about the necessity of excising further LNs to help the surgeon for less invasive surgery, especially in the absence of frozen-section equipment. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: A real-time diagnostic approach to find lymph nodes involved in cancer cells. Helpful in precise intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph nodes. Applicable in managing the number of dissected axillary lymph nodes. A clinical study with 282 samples showed 92% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Ability to distinct reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and the cancer involvement.