Silk biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering applications. (15th October 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Gupta, Prerak; Mandal, Biman B.
• Is Part Of: Acta biomaterialia. Volume 134(2021)
• Page Start: 79
• Page End: 106
• Publication Date: 2021-10-15
• Subjects: Silk fibroin -- Vascular grafts -- Tissue engineering -- Non-mulberry -- Biomaterials; TEVGs Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts -- ECM Extracellular Matrix -- FDA Food and Drug Administration -- SF Silk Fibroin -- ASG Anterior Silk Gland -- MSG Middle Silk Gland -- PSG Posterior Silk Gland -- RGD Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid -- VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor -- BM Bombyx mori -- AA Antheraea assamensis -- PR Philosamia ricini -- MMPs Matrix Metalloproteinases -- SELP Silk Elastin-Like Protein -- ECs Endothelial Cells -- SMCs Smooth Muscle Cells -- MSCs Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- MCP-1 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 -- 2D Two-Dimensional -- 3D Three-Dimensional -- TF Tissue Factor -- PLGA Polylactide-co-glycolide -- PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene -- ePTFE Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene -- PF4 Platelet Factor 4 -- TAT Thrombin-antithrombin -- LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase -- APTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time -- PT Prothrombin Time -- AT III Antithrombin III -- TT Thrombin Time -- TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha -- FBGCs Foreign Body Giant Cells -- PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol -- IFN-γ Interferon Gamma -- PEO Poly (Ethylene Oxide) -- PGDE Poly (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) -- PE Polyester -- IVC Inferior Vena Cava -- HFP Hexafluoro-2-propanol -- PLCL Poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) -- HRP Horseradish Peroxidase -- SVF Stromal Vascular Fraction -- EVs Extracellular Vesicles; Biomedical materials -- Periodicals; 610.28
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.004
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1742-7061

Abstract

Abstract: Vascular tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field of regenerative medicine, which strives to find innovative solutions for vascular reconstruction. Considering the limited success of synthetic grafts, research impetus in the field is now shifted towards finding biologically active vascular substitutes bestowing in situ growth potential. In this regard, silk biomaterials have shown remarkable potential owing to their favorable inherent biological and mechanical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progressive development of silk-based small diameter (<6 mm) tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), emphasizing their pre-clinical implications. Herein, we first discuss the molecular structure of various mulberry and non-mulberry silkworm silk and identify their favorable properties at the onset of vascular regeneration. The emergence of various state-of-the-art fabrication methodologies for the advancement of silk TEVGs is rationally appraised in terms of their in vivo performance considering the following parameters: ease of handling, long-term patency, resistance to acute thrombosis, stenosis and aneurysm formation, immune reaction, neo-tissue formation, and overall remodeling. Finally, we provide an update on the pre-clinical status of silk-based TEVGs, followed by current challenges and future prospects. Statement of significance: Limited availability of healthy autologous blood vessels to replace their diseased counterpart is concerning and demands other artificial substitutes. Currently available synthetic grafts are not suitable for small diameter blood vessels owing to frequent blockage. Tissue-engineered biological grafts tend to integrate well with the native tissue via remodeling and have lately witnessed remarkable success. Silk fibroin is a natural biomaterial, which has long been used as medical sutures. This review aims to identify several favorable properties of silk enabling vascular regeneration. Furthermore, various methodologies to fabricate tubular grafts are discussed and highlight their performance in animal models. An overview of our understanding to rationally improve the biological activity fostering the clinical success of silk-based grafts is finally discussed. Graphical abstract: Image, graphical abstract