Milligram-scale, temperature-controlled ball milling to provide an informed basis for scale-up to reactive extrusion. Issue 21 (12th October 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Andersen, Joel; Starbuck, Hunter; Current, Tia; Martin, Scott; Mack, James
• Is Part Of: Green chemistry. Volume 23:Issue 21(2021)
• Page Start: 8501
• Page End: 8509
• Publication Date: 2021-10-12
• Subjects: Environmental chemistry -- Industrial applications -- Periodicals; Environmental management -- Periodicals; 660
• DOI: 10.1039/d1gc02174e
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1463-9262

Abstract

Abstract : It is demonstrated that temperature-controlled ball milling is a key component for scaling up small-scale mechanochemistry. Abstract : Over the last several years, chemists and engineers have identified the utility of using twin-screw extruders for performing large-scale organic chemistry mechanochemically. This equipment is convenient as it is familiar to several relevant industries for its use in formulation, and it is also well-equipped for temperature control and intense grinding of materials. However, the research and development scale of mechanochemistry is just like that of conventional synthesis: milligrams. These milligram-scale reactions are performed in batch-type reactors, often a ball mill. Commercially available ball mills do not have strict temperature control, limiting the information that can be obtained to inform the scale-up process reliably. This work uses an in-house modified, temperature-controlled, ball mill to bridge the knowledge gap regarding predictable, well-informed, economical, and reliable mechanochemical scale-ups. Included in this work is the first extrusion example of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution.