Dispersion of virus-laden droplets in ventilated rooms: Effect of homemade facemasks. (December 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Aliyu, Aliyu M.; Singh, Dharminder; Uzoka, Chino; Mishra, Rakesh
• Is Part Of: Journal of building engineering. Volume 44(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-12
• Subjects: Bio-aerosols -- Computational fluid dynamics -- COVID-19 -- Facemask -- Isolation rooms -- Respiratory droplets -- Ventilation; Building -- Periodicals; 690.05
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102933
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2352-7102

Abstract

Abstract: In December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged and rapidly spread throughout the world. It causes the respiratory disease COVID-19 via the transmission of microbial pathogens within bio-aerosols during speaking, sneezing, and coughing. Therefore, understanding bioaerosol dynamics is important for developing mitigation strategies against droplet-induced infections. Computer modelling, using Computational Fluid Dynamics, has become a useful tool in studying and visualising the spread of atomised bio-droplets but the effect of using cloth facemasks has not been fully quantified. In this study, simulations were carried out to quantify the extent of respiratory droplet transfer with and without facemasks between a pair of ventilated rooms by a mathematical model for the first time. A 600-μm pore facemask was used, representing the porosity of a typical cloth facemask. Using the discrete phase model, the transport of ejected droplets was tracked. The results show that in the facemask cases, more than 96% of all the ejected droplets in all scenarios were trapped in the recommended 2 m social distancing radius around the human source. Correspondingly, only a maximum of 80% of droplets were deposited within the social distancing radius in the no facemask scenarios, with >20% airborne and transported to the second room. One-dimensional empirical correlations were developed for droplet concentration as a function of distance from the bioaerosol source. The models show that droplet concentration decays exponentially from the source especially in the facemask cases. The study therefore reinforces the importance of face coverings in lessening the transmission of possibly infected respiratory droplets that transmit highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Highlights: Simulations carried out in a pair of rooms to study respiratory droplet transport. Sneeze and cough scenarios simulated using realistic droplet size distributions. The effect of facemasks on droplet transport between rooms investigated. Facemask more than 90% efficient in blocking droplets during coughing and sneezing. At least 60% of droplets trapped in 2 m social distancing radius around human source.