Bone tissue engineering potentials of 3D printed magnesium‐hydroxyapatite in polylactic acid composite scaffolds. Issue 12 (3rd August 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Anita Lett, Jayasingh; Sagadevan, Suresh; Léonard, Estelle; Fatimah, Is; Motalib Hossain, M. A.; Mohammad, Faruq; Al‐Lohedan, Hamad A.; Paiman, Suriati; Alshahateet, Solhe F.; Abd Razak, Saiful Izwan; Johan, Mohd Rafie
• Is Part Of: Artificial organs. Volume 45:Issue 12(2021)
• Page Start: 1501
• Page End: 1512
• Publication Date: 2021-08-03
• Subjects: biocompatibility -- fused deposition method -- Mg‐doped hydroxyapatite -- orthopedic applications -- polylactic acid scaffolds -- polyvinyl alcohol; Artificial organs -- Periodicals; 617.956
• DOI: 10.1111/aor.14045
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-564X

Abstract

Abstract: The primary role of bone tissue engineering is to reconcile the damaged bones and facilitate the speedy recovery of the injured bones. However, some of the investigated metallic implants suffer from stress‐shielding, palpability, biocompatibility, etc . Consequently, the biodegradable scaffolds fabricated from polymers have gathered much attention from researchers and thus helped the tissue engineering sector by providing many alternative materials whose functionality is similar to that of natural bones. Herein, we present the fabrication and testing of a novel composite, magnesium (Mg)‐doped hydroxyapatite (HAp) glazed onto polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds where polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) used as a binder. For the composite formation, Creality Ender‐3 pro High Precision 3D Printer with Shape tool 3D Technology on an FSD machine operated by Catia design software was employed. The composite has been characterized for the crystallinity (XRD), surface functionality (FTIR), morphology (FESEM), biocompatibility (hemolytic and protein absorption), and mechanical properties (stress‐strain and maximum compressive strength). The powder XRD analysis confirmed the semicrystalline nature and intact structure of HAp even after doping with Mg, while FTIR studies for the successful formation of Mg‐HAp/PVA@PLA composite. The FESEM provided analysis indicated for the 3D porous architecture and well‐defined morphology to efficiently transport the nutrients, and the biocompatibility studies are supporting that the composite for blood compatible with the surface being suitable enough for the protein absorption. Finally, the composite's antibacterial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli ) and the test of mechanical properties supported for the enhanced inhibition of active growth of microorganisms and maximum compressive strength, respectively. Based on the research outcomes of biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and mechanical resistance, the fabricated Mg‐HAp/PVA@PLA composite suits well as a promising biomaterial platform for orthopedic applications by functioning towards the open reduction internal fixation of bone fractures and internal repairs. Abstract : The Mg‐doped HAp/PVA@PLA composite scaffold formed by the dip‐coating technique investigated to be hemocompatible and ideal transporter of nutrients. The 3D printed scaffold is porous, semicrystalline with well‐defined architecture where the HAp's lattice structure remains intact by the replacement of Ca 2+ ions with that of Mg 2+ . The Mg‐HAp composite has enhanced antibacterial activity as compared to the pure HAp and is linked to the membrane disruption by the Mg ions. The superior mechanical resistance of the composite was confirmed by means of stress‐strain, porosity, and maximum compressive strength measurements.