Evaluation of the intranasal route for porcine reproductive and respiratory disease modified-live virus vaccination. Issue 47 (16th November 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Opriessnig, Tanja; Rawal, Gaurav; McKeen, Lauren; Filippsen Favaro, Patricia; Halbur, Patrick G.; Gauger, Phillip C.
• Is Part Of: Vaccine. Volume 39:Issue 47(2021)
• Page Start: 6852
• Page End: 6859
• Publication Date: 2021-11-16
• Subjects: Vaccines -- Periodicals; 615.372
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.033
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0264-410X

Abstract

Highlights: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is important in pigs. The virus commonly infects pigs via the respiratory system. Vaccination is commonly administered via the intramuscular route. A prototype nasal jet device that could be used for mass vaccination was investigated. Intramuscular and intranasal vaccine efficacy was comparable in a pig challenge. Pigs vaccinated intranasally had higher neutralizing antibody levels at challenge. Abstract: Background: In pigs, modified live virus (MLV) vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are commonly used and administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. In contrast, PRRSV, as a primary respiratory pathogen, is mainly transmitted via the intranasal (IN) route. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commonly used commercial PRRSV MLV delivered IN compared to the IM route. Methods: Fifty-four pigs were divided into five treatment groups. All vaccinated groups received the same MLV vaccine but administered via different routes. Group IN-JET-VAC was vaccinated with an automated high pressure prototype nasal jet device (IN-JET-VAC, n = 12), group IN-MAD-VAC was vaccinated with a mucosal atomization device (IN-MAD-VAC, n = 12), group IM-VAC was vaccinated intramuscularly (IM-VAC; n = 12) according to label instructions, while the NEG-CONTROL (n = 6) and the POS-CONTROL (n = 12) groups were both unvaccinated. At 28 days post vaccination all vaccinated groups and the POS-CONTROL pigs were challenged with a pathogenic US PRRSV isolate. Blood and nasal swabs were collected at regular intervals, and all pigs were necropsied at day 10 post challenge (dpc) when gross and microscopic lung lesions were assessed. Results: Prior to challenge most vaccinated pigs had seroconverted to PRRSV. Clinical signs (fever, inappetence) were most obvious in the POS-CONTROL group from dpc 7 onwards. The vaccinated groups were not different for PRRSV viremia, seroconversion, or average daily weight gain. However, IN-JET-VAC and IN-MAD-VAC had significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against the vaccine virus at challenge. Conclusions: Comparable vaccine responses were obtained in IN and IM vaccinated pigs, suggesting the intranasal administration route as an alternative option for PRRSV vaccination.