An overview of SARS-COV-2 epidemiology, mutant variants, vaccines, and management strategies. Issue 10 (October 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Farooqi, Tahmeena; Malik, Jonaid Ahmad; Mulla, Almas Hanif; Al Hagbani, Turki; Almansour, Khaled; Ubaid, Mohammed Abrar; Alghamdi, Saleh; Anwar, Sirajudheen
• Is Part Of: Journal of infection and public health. Volume 14:Issue 10(2022)
• Page Start: 1299
• Page End: 1312
• Publication Date: 2021-10
• Subjects: ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 -- ADRP ADP ribose-1′-phosphatase -- ARTES Germany: based biotechnology company specialized in recombinant protein production and process development from microbial expression systems -- BIOCAD BIO computer aided design RNA -- CanVirex AG Swiss Biotech Association -- CARDS Covid 19 acute respiratory distress syndrome -- CBC complete blood count -- CCHFV Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus -- CDC center for disease control and prevention -- CEA carcinoembryonic antigen -- CHIKV chikungunya virus -- CMV cytomegalovirus -- CNBG China National Biotec Group -- CNRS centre national de la recherche scientifique -- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- COVID-19 corona virus disease 2019 -- CPAP continuous positive airway pressure -- CRP C-reactive protein -- DMVs double-membrane vesicles -- DWRAIR Diseases/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research -- DZIF German Center for Infection Research -- EBOV Ebola virus -- ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control -- ERGIC endoplasmic reticulum- golgi intermediate compartment -- ExoN exoribonuclease -- FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen -- GCIR German Center for Infection Research -- GMV glycine mosaic virus -- GLA glucopyranosyl Lipid A -- GPO Government Pharmaceutical Organization -- HeV hepatitis virus E -- HBV hepatitis B virus -- HFNC high-flow nasal cannula -- HLC high lung compliance -- IAVI international AIDS vaccine initiative -- IDIBAPS Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute -- IEM Institute For Engineering in Medicine -- InfA influenza virus-A -- INRAE National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment -- IPV inactivated polio virus -- IMV Instruments de Médecine Vétérinaire -- LASSA lassa virus -- LASV lassa mammarenavirus -- LinKinVax French biotechnology startup that focuses on speeding up vaccine -- LiteVax BV spike-based (epitope screening) -- LLC low lung compliance -- LVVV live viral vectored vaccine -- MARV Marburg virus -- MDA5 melanoma differentiation associated protein -- MERS-CoV Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus -- MIGAL Galilee Research Institute Ltd -- MMR measles mumps rubella -- MVA modified vaccinia virus Ankara -- NERVTAG new and emerging respiratory virus Threats advisory group -- NiV Nippa virus -- NIV non-invasive ventilation -- NLC nanostructured Lipid Carriers -- NORV norovirus -- NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer -- NSP non-Structural proteins -- O-MT O-methyl transferase-2 -- OMV outer membrane vesicle -- ORFs open reading frames -- Osivax clinical stage biotechnology company -- P.C. preclinical -- PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide -- PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen -- PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure -- PPI proton pump inhibitors -- RBD receptor-binding domain -- RVF Rift Valley fever -- RdRp RNA dependent RNA polymerase -- RTC replication transcription complex -- RTI respiratory tract infections -- SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 -- SIG SARS-COV-2 Interagency Group -- SpO2 oxygen saturation -- SRC VB VECTOR State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology -- TMPRSS2 transmembrane protein serine 2 -- TRSs transcriptional regulatory sequences -- USAMRIID/WARIAR United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious -- VEE Venezuelan equine encephalitis -- VLP virus like particle -- VOC variant of concern -- VOHC variant of high consequences -- VOI variant of interest -- VRI Vaccine Research Institute -- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus; SARS-COV-2 -- Epidemiology -- Variant strains -- Vaccine candidates -- WHO landscape; Communicable diseases -- Periodicals; Public health -- Periodicals; Epidemiology -- Periodicals; Nosocomial infections -- Prevention -- Periodicals; Medical microbiology -- Periodicals; 614.4
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.014
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1876-0341

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Over the last two decades, humanity has observed the extraordinary anomaly caused by novel, weird coronavirus strains, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has made its entry into the world, it has dramatically affected life in every domain by continuously producing new variants. The vaccine development is an ongoing process, although some vaccines got marketed. The big challenge is now whether the vaccine candidates can provide long-lasting protection or prevention against mutant variants. Methods: The information was gathered from various journals, electronic searches via Internet-based information such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, online electronic journals, WHO landscape, world meters, WHO website, and News. Results: This review will present and discuss some coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) related aspects including: the pathophysiology, epidemiology, mutant variants vaccine candidates, vaccine efficacy, and management strategies. Due to the high death rate, continuous spread, an inadequate workforce, lack of required therapeutics, and incomplete understanding of the viral strain, it becomes crucial to build the knowledge of its biological characteristics and make available the rapid diagnostic and vital therapeutic machinery for the combat and management of an infection. Conclusion: The data summarizes current research on the COVID 19 infection and therapeutic interventions, which will direct future decision-making on the effort-worthy phases of the COVID 19 and the development of critical therapeutics. The only possible solution is the vaccine development targeting against all variant strains to halt its progress; the identified theoretical and practical knowledge can eliminate the gaps to improve a better understanding of the novel coronavirus structure and its design of a vaccine. In addition, to that the long-lasting protection is another challenging objective that need to be looked into.