A review on social spam detection: Challenges, open issues, and future directions. (30th December 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Rao, Sanjeev; Verma, Anil Kumar; Bhatia, Tarunpreet
• Is Part Of: Expert systems with applications. Volume 186(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-12-30
• Subjects: Deepfake -- Machine learning -- Online social network -- Social spam -- Spammer -- Spambots; Expert systems (Computer science) -- Periodicals; Systèmes experts (Informatique) -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 006.33
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115742
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0957-4174

Abstract

Highlights: Background information on social spam and the spamming process. Social spam taxonomy comprising spam content and spammer account is outlined. A review of social spam, Deepfakes, and spammer detection techniques is presented. Several challenges, open issues, and future research directions are discussed. Abstract: Online Social Networks are perpetually evolving and used in plenteous applications such as content sharing, chatting, making friends/followers, customer engagements, commercials, product reviews/promotions, online games, and news, etc. The substantial issues related to the colossal flood of social spam in social media are polarizing sentiments, impacting users' online interaction time, degrading available information quality, network bandwidth, computing power, and speed. Simultaneously, groups of coordinated automated accounts/bots often use social networking sites to spread spam, rumors, bogus reviews, and fake news for targeted users or mass communication. The latest developments in the form of artificial intelligence-enabled Deepfakes have exacerbated these issues at large. Consequently, it becomes extremely relevant to review recent work concerning social spam and spammer detection to counter this issue and its effect. This paper provides a brief introduction to social spam, the spamming process, and social spam taxonomy. The comprehensive review entails several dimensionality reduction techniques used for feature selection/extraction, features used, various machine learning and deep learning techniques used for social spam and spammer detection, and their merits and demerits. Artificial intelligence and deep learning empowered Deepfake (text, image, and video) spam, and their countermeasures are also explored. Furthermore, meticulous discussions, existing challenges, and emerging issues such as robustness of detection systems, scalability, real-time datasets, evade strategies used by spammers, coordinated inauthentic behavior, and adversarial attacks on machine learning-based spam detectors, etc., have been discussed with possible directions for future research.