Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2): a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy. Issue 10305 (18th September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Halliday, Alison; Bulbulia, Richard; Bonati, Leo H; Chester, Johanna; Cradduck-Bamford, Andrea; Peto, Richard; Pan, Hongchao; Halliday, Alison; Bulbulia, Richard; Bonati, Leo H; Peto, Richard; Pan, Hongchao; Potter, John; Henning Eckstein, Hans; Farrell, Barbara; Flather, Marcus; Mansfield, Averil; Mihaylova, Boby; Rahimi, Kazim; Simpson, David; Thomas, Dafydd; Sandercock, Peter; Gray, Richard; Molyneux, Andrew; Shearman, Cliff P; Rothwell, Peter; Belli, Anna; Herrington, Will; Judge, Parminder; Leopold, Peter; Mafham, Marion; Gough, Michael; Cao, Piergiorgio; MacDonald, Sumaira; Bari, Vasha; Berry, Clive; Bradshaw, S; Brudlo, Wojciech; Clarke, Alison; Chester, Johanna; Cox, Robin; Cradduck-Bamford, Andrea; Fathers, Susan; Gaba, Kamran; Gray, Mo; Hayter, Elizabeth; Holliday, Constance; Kurien, Rijo; Lay, Michael; le Conte, Steffi; McManus, Jessica; Madgwick, Zahra; Morris, Dylan; Munday, Andrew; Pickworth, Sandra; Ostasz, Wiktor; Poorthuis, Michiel; Richards, Sue; Teixeira, Louisa; Tochlin, Sergey; Tully, Lynda; Wallis, Carol; Willet, Monique; Young, Alan; Casana, Renato; Malloggi, Chiara; Odero Jr, Andrea; Silani, Vincenzo; Parati, Gianfranco; Malchiodi, Giuseppe; Malferrari, Giovanni; Strozzi, Francesco; Tusini, Nicola; Vecchiati, Enrico; Coppi, Gioacchino; Lauricella, Antonio; Moratto, Roberto; Silingardi, Roberto; Veronesi, Jessica; Zini, Andrea; Ferrero, Emanuele; Ferri, Michelangelo; Gaggiano, Andrea; Labate, Carmelo; Nessi, Franco; Psacharopulo, Daniele; Viazzo, Andrea; Malacrida, Giovanni; Mazzaccaro, Daniela; Meola, Giovanni; Modafferi, Alfredo; Nano, Giovanni; Occhiuto, Maria Teresa; Righini, Paolo; Stegher, Silvia; Chiarandini, Stefano; Griselli, Filippo; Lepidi, Sandro; Pozzi Mucelli, Fabio; Naccarato, Marcello; D'Oria, Mario; Ziani, Barbara; Stella, Andrea; Dieng, Mortalla; Faggioli, Gianluca; Gargiulo, Mauro; Palermo, Sergio; Pini, Rodolfo; Puddu, Giovanni Maria; Vacirca, Andrea; Angiletta, Domenico; Desantis, Claudio; Marinazzo, Davide; Mastrangelo, Giovanni; Regina, Guido; Pulli, Raffaele; Bianchi, Paolo; Cireni, Lea; Coppi, Elisabetta; Pizzirusso, Rocco; Scalise, Filippo; Sorropago, Giovanni; Tolva, Valerio; Caso, Valeria; Cieri, Enrico; DeRango, Paola; Farchioni, Luca; Isernia, Giacomo; Lenti, Massimo; Parlani, Gian Battista; Pupo, Guglielmo; Pula, Grazia; Simonte, Gioele; Verzini, Fabio; Carimati, Federico; Delodovici, Maria Luisa; Fontana, Federico; Piffaretti, Gabriele; Tozzi, Matteo; Civilini, Efrem; Poletto, Giorgio; Reimers, Bernhard; Praquin, Barbara; Ronchey, Sonia; Capoccia, Laura; Mansour, Wassim; Sbarigia, Enrico; Speziale, Francesco; Sirignano, Pasqualino; Toni, Danilo; Galeotti, Roberto; Gasbarro, Vincenzo; Mascoli, Francesco; Rocca, Tiberio; Tsolaki, Elpiniki; Bernardini, Giulia; DeMarco, Ester; Giaquinta, Alessia; Patti, Francesco; Veroux, Massimiliano; Veroux, Pierfrancesco; Virgilio, Carla; Mangialardi, Nicola; Orrico, Matteo; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Montelione, Nunzio; Spinelli, Francesco; Stilo, Francesco; Cernetti, Carlo; Irsara, Sandro; Maccarrone, Giuseppe; Tonello, Diego; Visonà, Adriana; Zalunardo, Beniamino; Chisci, Emiliano; Michelagnoli, Stefano; Troisi, Nicola; Masato, Maela; Dei Negri, Massimo; Pacchioni, Andrea; Saccà, Salvatore; Amatucci, Giovanni; Cannizzaro, Alfredo; Accrocca, Federico; Ambrogi, Cesare; Barbazza, Renzo; Marcucci, Giustino; Siani, Andrea; Bajardi, Guido; Savettieri, Giovanni; Argentieri, Angelo; Corbetta, Riccardo; Odero, Attilio; Quaretti, Pietro; Thyrion, Federico Z; Cappelli, Alessandro; Benevento, Domenico; De Donato, Gianmarco; Mele, Maria Agnese; Palasciano, Giancarlo; Pieragalli, Daniela; Rossi, Alessandro; Setacci, Carlo; Setacci, Francesco; Palombo, Domenico; Perfumo, Maria Cecilia; Martelli, Edoardo; Paolucci, Aldo; Trimarchi, Santi; Grassi, Viviana; Grimaldi, Luigi; La Rosa, Giuliana; Mirabella, Domenico; Scialabba, Matteo; Sichel, Leonildo; D'Angelo, Costantino L; Fadda, Gian Franco; Kasemi, Holta; Marino, Mario; Burzotta, Francesco; Codispoti, Francesco Alberto; Ferrante, Angela; Tinelli, Giovanni; Tshomba, Yamume; Vincenzoni, Claudio; Amis, Deborah; Anderson, Dawn; Catterson, Martin; Clarke, Mike; Davis, Michelle; Dixit, Anand; Dyker, Alexander; Ford, Gary; Jackson, Ralph; Kappadath, Sreevalsan; Lambert, David; Lees, Tim; Louw, Stephen; McCaslin, James; Parr, Noala; Robson, Rebecca; Stansby, Gerard; Wales, Lucy; Wealleans, Vera; Wilson, Lesley; Wyatt, Michael; Baht, Hardeep; Balogun, Ibrahim; Burger, Ilse; Cosier, Tracy; Cowie, Linda; Gunathilagan, Gunaratnam; Hargroves, David; Insall, Robert; Jones, Sally; Rudenko, Hannah; Schumacher, Natasha; Senaratne, Jawaharlal; Thomas, George; Thomson, Audrey; Webb, Tom; Brown, Ellen; Esisi, Bernard; Mehrzad, Ali; MacSweeney, Shane; McConachie, Norman; Southam, Alison; Sunman, Wayne; Abdul-Hamiq, Ahmed; Bryce, Jenny; Chetter, Ian; Ettles, Duncan; Lakshminarayan, Raghuram; Mitchelson, Kim; Rhymes, Christopher; Robinson, Graham; Scott, Paul; Vickers, Alison; Ashleigh, Ray; Butterfield, Stephen; Gamble, Ed; Ghosh, Jonathan; McCollum, Charles N; Welch, Mark; Welsh, Sarah; Wolowczyk, Leszek; Donnelly, Mary; D'Souza, Stephen; Egun, Anselm A; Gregary, Bindu; Joseph, Thomas; Kelly, Christine; Punekar, Shuja; Rahi, M Asad; Raj, Sonia; Seriki, Dare; Thomson, George; Brown, James; Durairajan, Ragunath; Grunwald, Iris; Guyler, Paul; Harman, Paula; Jakeways, Matthew; Khuoge, Christopher; Kundu, Ashish; Loganathan, Thayalini; Menon, Nisha; Prabakaran, Raji O; Sinha, Devesh; Thompson, Vicky; Tysoe, Sharon; Briley, Dennis; Darby, Chris; Hands, Linda; Howard, Dominic; Kuker, Wilhelm; Schulz, Ursula; Teal, Rachel; Barer, David; Brown, Andrew; Crawford, Susan; Dunlop, Paul; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh; Majmudar, Nikhil; Mitchell, Duncan; Myint, Min P; O'Brien, Richard; O'Connell, Janice; Sattar, Naweed; Vetrivel, Shanmugam; Beard, Jonathan; Cleveland, Trevor; Gaines, Peter; Humphreys, John; Jenkins, Alison; King, Craig; Kusuma, Daniel; Lindert, Ralph; Lonsdale, Robbie; Nair, Raj; Nawaz, Shah; Okhuoya, Faith; Turner, Douglas; Venables, Graham; Dorman, Paul; Hughes, Andrea; Jones, Deborah; Mendelow, David; Rodgers, Helen; Raudoniitis, Aidas; Enevoldson, Peter; Nahser, Hans; O'Brien, Imelda; Torella, Francesco; Watling, Dave; White, Richard; Brown, Pauline; Dutta, Dipankar; Emerson, Lorraine; Hilltout, Paula; Kulkarni, Sachin; Morrison, Jackie; Poskitt, Keith; Slim, Fiona; Smith, Sarah; Tyler, Amanda; Waldron, Joanne; Whyman, Mark; Bajoriene, Milda; Baker, Lucy; Colston, Amanda; Eliot-Jones, Bekky; Gramizadeh, Gita; Lewis-Clarke, Catherine; McCafferty, Laura; Oliver, Deborah; Palmer, Debbie; Patil, Abhijeet; Pegler, Suzannah; Ramadurai, Gopi; Roberts, Aisling; Sargent, Tracey; Siddegowda, Shivaprasad; Singh-Ranger, Ravi; Williams, Akintunde; Williams, Lucy; Windebank, Steve; Zuromskis, Tadas; Alwis, Lanka; Angus, Jane; Asokanathan, Asaipillai; Fornolles, Caroline; Hardy, Diana; Hunte, Sophy; Justin, Frances; Phiri, Duke; Mitabouana-Kibou, Marie; Sekaran, Lakshmanan; Sethuraman, Sakthivel; Tate, Margaret L; Akyea-Mensah, Joyce; Ball, Stephen; Chrisopoulou, Angela; Keene, Elizabeth; Phair, Alison; Rogers, Steven; Smyth, John V; Bicknell, Colin; Chataway, Jeremy; Cheshire, Nicholas; Clifton, Andrew; Eley, Caroline; Gibbs, Richard; Hamady, Mohammad; Hazel, Beth; James, Alex; Jenkins, Michael; Khanom, Nyma; Lacey, Austin; Mireskandari, Maz; O'Reilly, Joanna; Pereira, Antony; Sachs, Tina; Wolfe, John; Brown, Ellen; Davey, Philip; Rogers, Gill; Smith, Gemma; Tervit, Gareth; Nichol, Ian; Parry, Andrew; Young, Gavin; Ashley, Simon; Barwell, James; Dix, Francis; Nor, Azlisham M; Parry, Chris; Birt, Angela; Davies, Paul; George, Jim; Graham, Anne; Jonker, Leon; Joseph, Thomas; Kelsall, Nicci; Potts, Caroline; Wilson, Toni; Clifton, Andrew; Crinnion, Jamie; Cuenoud, Larissa; Aleksic, Nikola; Babic, Srdan; Ilijevski, Nenad; Radak, Đorde; Sagic, Dragan; Tanaskovic, Slobodan; Colic, Momcilo; Cvetic, Vladimir; Davidovic, Lazar; Jovanovic, Dejana R; Koncar, Igor; Mutavdžic, Perica; Sladojevic, Miloš; Tomic, Ivan; Debus, Eike S; Grzyska, Ulrich; Otto, Dagmar; Thomalla, Götz; Barlinn, Jessica; Gerber, Johannes; Haase, Kathrin; Hartmann, Christian; Ludwig, Stefan; Pütz, Volker; Reeps, Christian; Schmidt, Christine; Weiss, Norbert; Werth, Sebastian; Winzer, Simon; Gemper, Janine; Günther, Albrecht; Heiling, Bianka; Jochmann, Elisabeth; Karvouniari, Panagiota; Klingner, Carsten; Mayer, Thomas; Schubert, Julia; Schulze-Hartung, Friederike; Zanow, Jürgen; Bausback, Yvonne; Borger, Franka; Botsios, Spiridon; Branzan, Daniela; Bräunlich, Sven; Hölzer, Henryk; Lenzer, Janin; Piorkowski, Christopher; Richter, Nadine; Schuster, Johannes; Scheinert, Dierk; Schmidt, Andrej; Staab, Holger; Ulrich, Matthias; Werner, Martin; Berger, Hermann; Biró, Gábor; Eckstein, Hans-Henning; Kallmayer, Michael; Kreiser, Kornelia; Zimmermann, Alexander; Berekoven, Bärbel; Frerker, Klaus; Gordon, Vera; Torsello, Giovanni; Arnold, Sebastian; Dienel, Cora; Storck, Martin; Biermaier, Bernhard; Gissler, Hans Martin; Klötzsch, Christof; Pfeiffer, Tomas; Schneider, Ralph; Söhl, Leander; Wennrich, Michael; Alonso, Angelika; Keese, Michael; Groden, Christoph; Cöster, Andreas; Engelhardt, Andreas; Ratusinski, Christoph-Maria; Berg, Bengt; Delle, Martin; Formgren, Johan; Gillgren, Peter; Jarl, Lotta; Kall, Torbjörn B; Konrad, Peter; Nyman, Niklas; Skiöldebrand, Claes; Steuer, Johnny; Takolander, Rabbe; Malmstedt, Jonas; Acosta, Stefan; Björses, Katarina; Brandt, Kerstin; Dias, Nuno; Gottsäter, Anders; Holst, Jan; Kristmundsson, Thorarinn; Kühme, Tobias; Kölbel, Tilo; Lindblad, Bengt; Lindh, Mats; Malina, Martin; Ohrlander, Tomas; Resch, Tim; Rönnle, Viola; Sonesson, Björn; Warvsten, Margareta; Zdanowski, Zbigniew; Campbell, Erik; Kjellin, Per; Lindgren, Hans; Nyberg, Johan; Petersen, Björn; Plate, Gunnar; Pärsson, Håkan; Qvarfordt, Peter; Ignatenko, Pavel; Karpenko, Andrey; Starodubtsev, Vladimir; Chernyavsky, Mikhail A; Golovkova, Maria S; Komakha, Boris B; Zherdev, Nikolay N; Belyasnik, Andrey; Chechulov, Pavel; Kandyba, Dmitry; Stepanishchev, Igor; Csobay-Novák, Csaba; Dósa, Edit; Entz, László; Nemes, Balázs; Szeberin, Zoltán; Barzó, Pál; Bodosi, Mihaly; Fákó, Eniko; Fülöp, Béla; Németh, Tamás; Pazdernyik, Szilárd; Skoba, Krisztina; Vörös, Erika; Chatzinikou, Eleni; Giannoukas, Athanasios; Karathanos, Christos; Koutsias, Stylianos; Kouvelos, Georgios; Matsagkas, Miltiadis; Ralli, Styliani; Rountas, Christos; Rousas, Nikolaos; Spanos, Konstantinos; Brountzos, Elias; Kakisis, John D; Lazaris, Andreas; Moulakakis, Konstantinos G; Stefanis, Leonidas; Tsivgoulis, Georgios; Vasdekis, Spyros; Antonopoulos, Constantine N; Bellenis, Ion; Maras, Dimitrios; Polydorou, Antonios; Polydorou, Victoria; Tavernarakis, Antonios; Ioannou, Nikolaos; Terzoudi, Maria; Lazarides, Miltos; Mantatzis, Michalis; Vadikolias, Kostas; Dzieciuchowicz, Lukasz; Gabriel, Marcin; Krasinski, Zbigniew; Oszkinis, Grzegorz; Pukacki, Fryderyk; Slowinski, Maciej; Stanišic, Michal-Goran; Staniszewski, Ryszard; Tomczak, Jolanta; Zielinski, Maciej; Myrcha, Piotr; Rózanski, Dorota; Drelichowski, Stanislaw; Iwanowski, Wojciech; Koncewicz, Katarzyna; Bialek, Pawel; Biejat, Zbigniew; Czepel, Wojciech; Czlonkowska, Anna; Dowzenko, Anatol; Jedrzejewska, Julia; Kobayashi, Adam; Leszczynski, Jerzy; Malek, Andrzej; Polanski, Jerzy; Proczka, Robert; Skorski, Maciej; Szostek, Mieczyslaw; Andziak, Piotr; Dratwicki, Maciej; Gil, Robert; Nowicki, Miroslaw; Pniewski, Jaroslaw; Rzezak, Jaroslaw; Seweryniak, Piotr; Dabek, Pawel; Juszynski, Michal; Madycki, Grzegorz; Pacewski, Bartosz; Raciborski, Witold; Slowinski, Piotr; Staszkiewicz, Walerian; Bombic, Martin; Chlouba, Vladimír; Fiedler, Jirí; Hes, Karel; Koštál, Petr; Sova, Jindrich; Kríž, Zdenek; Prívara, Mojmír; Reif, Michal; Staffa, Robert; Vlachovský, Robert; Vojtíšek, Bohuslav; Hrbác, Tomáš; Kuliha, Martin; Procházka, Václav; Roubec, Martin; Školoudík, David; Netuka, David; Šteklácová, Anna; Beneš III, Vladimír; Buchvald, Pavel; Endrych, Ladislav; Šercl, Miroslav; Campos Jr, Walter; Casella, Ivan B; de Luccia, Nelson; Estenssoro, André E V; Presti, Calógero; Puech-Leão, Pedro; Neves, Celso R B; da Silva, Erasmo S; Sitrângulo Jr, Cid J; Monteiro, José A T; Tinone, Gisela; Bellini Dalio, Marcelo; Joviliano, Edwaldo E; Pontes Neto, Octávio M; Serra Ribeiro, Mauricio; Cras, Patrick; Hendriks, Jeroen M H; Hoppenbrouwers, Mieke; Lauwers, Patrick; Loos, Caroline; Yperzeele, Laetitia; Geenens, Mia; Hemelsoet, Dimitri; van Herzeele, Isabelle; Vermassen, Frank; Astarci, Parla; Hammer, Frank; Lacroix, Valérie; Peeters, André; Verhelst, Robert; Cirelli, Silvana; Dormal, Pol; Grimonprez, Annelies; Lambrecht, Bart; Lerut, Philipe; Thues, Eddy; De Koster, Guy; Desiron, Quentin; Maertens de Noordhout, Alain; Malmendier, Danielle; Massoz, Mireille; Saad, Georges; Bosiers, Marc; Callaert, Joren; Deloose, Koen; Blanco Cañibano, Estrella; García Fresnillo, Beatriz; Guerra Requena, Mercedes; Morata Barrado, Pilar C; Muela Méndez, Miguel; Yusta Izquierdo, Antonio; Aparici Robles, Fernando; Blanes Orti, Paula; García Dominguez, Luis; Martínez López, Rafael; Miralles Hernández, Manuel; Tembl Ferrairo, José I; Chamorro, Ángel; Macho, Juan; Obach, Víctor; Riambau, Vincent; San Román, Luis; Ahlhelm, Frank J; Blackham, Kristine; Engelter, Stefan; Eugster, Thomas; Gensicke, Henrik; Gürke, Lorenz; Lyrer, Philippe; Mariani, Luigi; Maurer, Marina; Mujagic, Edin; Müller, Mandy; Psychogios, Marios; Stierli, Peter; Stippich, Christoph; Traenka, Christopher; Wolff, Thomas; Wagner, Benjamin; Wiegert, Martina M; Clarke, Sandra; Diepers, Michael; Gröchenig, Ernst; Gürke, Lorenz; Gruber, Philipp; Isaak, Andrej; Kahles, Timo; Marti, Regula; Nedeltchev, Krassen; Remonda, Luca; Stierli, Peter; Tissira, Nadir; Valença Falcão, Martina; de Borst, Gert J; Lo, Rob H; Moll, Frans L; Toorop, Raechel; van der Worp, Bart H; Vonken, Evert J; Kappelle, Jaap L; Jahrome, Ommid; Vos, Floris; Schuiling, Wouter; van Overhagen, Hendrik; Keunen, Rudolf W M; Knippenberg, Bob; Wever, Jan J; Lardenoije, Jan W; Reijnen, Michel; Smeets, Luuk; van Sterkenburg, Steven; Fraedrich, Gustav; Gizewski, Elke; Gruber, Ingrid; Knoflach, Michael; Kiechl, Stefan; Rantner, Barbara; Abdulamit, Timur; Bergeron, Patrice; Padovani, Raymond; Trastour, Jean-Christophe; Cardon, Jean-Marie; Le Gallou-Wittenberg, Anne; Allaire, Eric; Becquemin, Jean-Pierre; Cochennec-Paliwoda, Frédéric; Desgranges, Pascal; Hosseini, Hassan; Kobeiter, Hicham; Marzelle, Jean; Almekhlafi, Mohammed A; Bal, Simerpreet; Barber, Phillip A; Coutts, Shelagh B; Demchuk, Andrew M; Eesa, Muneer; Gillies, Michelle; Goyal, Mayank; Hill, Michael D; Hudon, Mark E; Jambula, Anitha; Kenney, Carol; Klein, Gary; McClelland, Marie; Mitha, Alim; Menon, Bijoy K; Morrish, William F; Peters, Steven; Ryckborst, Karla J; Samis, Greg; Save, Supriya; Smith, Eric E; Stys, Peter; Subramaniam, Suresh; Sutherland, Garnette R; Watson, Tim; Wong, John H; Zimmel, L; Flis, Vojko; Matela, Jože; Miksic, Kazimir; Milotic, Franko; Mrdja, Božidar; Stirn, Barbara; Tetickovic, Erih; Gasparini, Mladen; Grad, Anton; Kompara, Ingrid; Miloševic, Zoren; Palmiste, Veronika; Toomsoo, Toomas; Aidashova, Balzhan; Kospanov, Nursultan; Lyssenko, Roman; Mussagaliev, Daulet; Beyar, Rafi; Hoffman, Aaron; Karram, Tony; Kerner, Arthur; Nikolsky, Eugenia; Nitecki, Samy; Andonova, Silva; Bachvarov, Chavdar; Petrov, Vesko; Cvjetko, Ivan; Vidjak, Vinko; Halužan, Damir; Petrunic, Mladen; Liu, Bao; Liu, Chang-Wei; Bartko, Daniel; Beno, Peter; Rusnák, František; Zelenák, Kamil; Ezura, Masayuki; Inoue, Takashi; Kimura, Naoto; Kondo, Ryushi; Matsumoto, Yasushi; Shimizu, Hiroaki; Endo, Hidenori; Furui, Eisuke; Bakke, Søren; Krohg-Sørensen, Kristen; Nome, Terje; Skjelland, Mona; Tennøe, Bjørn; Albuquerque e Castro, João; Alves, Gonçalo; Bastos Gonçalves, Frederico; de Aragão Morais, José; Garcia, Ana C; Valentim, Hugo; Vasconcelos, Leonor; Belcastro, Fernando; Cura, Fernando; Zaefferer, Patricio; Abd-Allah, Foad; Eldessoki, Mohamed H; Heshmat Kassem, Hussein; Soliman Gharieb, Haytham; Colgan, Mary P; Haider, Syed N; Harbison, Joe; Madhavan, Prakash; Moore, Dermot; Shanik, Gregor; Kazan, Viviane; Nazzal, Munier; Ramsey-Williams, Vicki;
• Is Part Of: Lancet. Volume 398:Issue 10305(2021)
• Page Start: 1065
• Page End: 1073
• Publication Date: 2021-09-18
• Subjects: Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine; Medicine; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 610.5
• DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01910-3
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0140-6736

Abstract

Summary: Background: Among asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis but no recent stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia, either carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can restore patency and reduce long-term stroke risks. However, from recent national registry data, each option causes about 1% procedural risk of disabling stroke or death. Comparison of their long-term protective effects requires large-scale randomised evidence. Methods: ACST-2 is an international multicentre randomised trial of CAS versus CEA among asymptomatic patients with severe stenosis thought to require intervention, interpreted with all other relevant trials. Patients were eligible if they had severe unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and both doctor and patient agreed that a carotid procedure should be undertaken, but they were substantially uncertain which one to choose. Patients were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA and followed up at 1 month and then annually, for a mean 5 years. Procedural events were those within 30 days of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses are provided. Analyses including procedural hazards use tabular methods. Analyses and meta-analyses of non-procedural strokes use Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN21144362. Findings: Between Jan 15, 2008, and Dec 31, 2020, 3625 patients in 130 centres were randomly allocated, 1811 to CAS and 1814 to CEA, with good compliance, good medical therapy and a mean 5 years of follow-up. Overall, 1% had disabling stroke or death procedurally (15 allocated to CAS and 18 to CEA) and 2% had non-disabling procedural stroke (48 allocated to CAS and 29 to CEA). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year non-procedural stroke were 2·5% in each group for fatal or disabling stroke, and 5·3% with CAS versus 4·5% with CEA for any stroke (rate ratio [RR] 1·16, 95% CI 0·86–1·57; p=0·33). Combining RRs for any non-procedural stroke in all CAS versus CEA trials, the RR was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (overall RR 1·11, 95% CI 0·91–1·32; p=0·21). Interpretation: Serious complications are similarly uncommon after competent CAS and CEA, and the long-term effects of these two carotid artery procedures on fatal or disabling stroke are comparable. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and Health Technology Assessment Programme.