A critical review on the techniques used for the synthesis and applications of crystalline cellulose derived from agricultural wastes and forest residues. (1st December 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Debnath, Banhisikha; Haldar, Dibyajyoti; Purkait, Mihir Kumar
• Is Part Of: Carbohydrate polymers. Volume 273(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-12-01
• Subjects: Biomass -- Microcrystalline cellulose -- Nanocrystalline cellulose -- Pilot scale -- Drug delivery -- Polymer composites; AFM atomic force microscopy -- BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller -- CaCl2 calcium chloride -- CAGR compound annual growth rate -- Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide -- Cd+2 cadmium ion -- C-MCC commercial microcrystalline cellulose -- Cr(NO3)3 chromium nitrate -- Cu+2 copper ion -- CV crystal violet -- DI water deionized water -- DMCF direct methanol fuel cell -- DP degree of polymerization -- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy -- FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations -- Fe iron -- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscopy -- FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- Gt gigaton -- h hour -- H+ hydrogen ion -- HA humic acid -- HBr hydrobromic acid -- HCl hydrochloric acid -- HNO3 nitric acid -- H3O+ hydronium ions -- H2O2 hydrogen peroxide -- H3PO4 phosphoric acid -- HR-SEM high resolution scanning electron microscopy -- HR-TEM high resolution transmission electron microscopy -- H2SO4 sulfuric acid -- kg kilogram -- kJ kilojoule -- KOH potassium hydroxide -- L litre -- m metre -- M molar -- MB methylene blue -- MCC microcrystalline cellulose -- mg/g milligram/gram -- mg/L milligram/litre -- Mt megaton -- N normal -- NaBH4 sodium borohydride -- NaCl sodium chloride -- NaClO sodium hypochlorite -- NaClO2 sodium chlorite -- NaOH sodium hydroxide -- Na2SO3 sodium sulphite -- NCC nanocrystalline cellulose -- Ni nickel -- OH hydroxyl -- OPF oil palm fronds -- OPFEB oil palm empty fruit bunch -- Pa pascal -- Pb+2 lead ion -- PCL polycaprolactone -- PES polyethersulfone -- PET polyethylene terephthalate -- PLA polylactic acid -- ppm parts per million -- PVA polyvinyl alcohol -- PVC polyvinyl chloride -- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride -- rpm revolution per minute -- SEM scanning electron microscopy -- TEM transmission electron microscopy -- TEMPO 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl -- TGA thermogravimetric analysis -- UF ultrafiltration -- v volume -- VSM vibrating sample magnetometer -- w weight -- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy -- XRD X-ray diffraction; Polysaccharides -- Periodicals; Polysaccharides -- Periodicals; Polysaccharides -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 547.78
• DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118537
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0144-8617

Abstract

Abstract: In order to meet the growing energy crisis of the 21st century, the utilization of bio-based materials has become a field of high research endeavour. In view of that, the present review paper is focused on different techniques that are frequently explored for the synthesis of value-added crystalline derivatives of cellulose like MCC and NCC from agricultural wastes and forest residues. Moreover, a comparative analysis between thermochemical and biochemical methods is carried out for such valorization of biomass considering the mechanism involved with various reactions. Further, a critical analysis is performed on various individual techniques specifically used for the applications of MCC and NCC in different fields including environmental, polymer industry, pharmaceutical and other emerging sectors. This article will assist the readers not only to explore new biomass sources but also provides an in-depth insight on various green and cost-effective methods for sustainable production of crystalline cellulose. Highlights: Potential of agricultural wastes and forest residues towards the production of crystalline cellulose was explored. The conventional methods of synthesis of MCC and NCC and the involved mechanisms were summarized. Comparison of the conventional thermochemical and biochemical methods was discussed. The various methods used for the environmental, industrial and other potential applications of MCC and NCC are summarized. Commercial aspects of MCC and NCC production from agricultural wastes and forest residues were discussed.