Energy storage onboard zero-emission two-wheelers: Challenges and technical solutions. (October 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ga Bui, Van; Minh Tu Bui, Thi; Tuan Hoang, Anh; Nižetić, Sandro; Sakthivel, R.; Nam Tran, Van; Hung Bui, Van; Engel, Dirk; Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto
• Is Part Of: Sustainable energy technologies and assessments. Volume 47(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-10
• Subjects: 2W Two-Wheeler -- ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations -- B2W Battery-powered two-Wheeler -- COP Conference of Parties (United Nations Climate Change Conference) -- COVID Corona Virus Disease -- EV Electric Vehicle -- FC Fuel Cell -- FC2W Fuel Cell-powered two-Wheeler -- FCBH2W Fuel cell-battery hybrid two-wheeler -- GHG Greenhouse Gas -- GTW Grid-to-Wheel -- HT High Temperature -- ICE Internal Combustion Engine -- ICE2W Internal Combustion Engine-powered two-wheeler -- IES Integrated Energy System -- IoT Internet of Things -- LoRaWAN Long Range Wide Area Network -- LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas -- LT Low Temperature -- MH Metal Hydride -- PCM Phase Change Material -- PCT Pressure-Composition-Temperature isotherm curve -- PEMFC Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell -- PV Photovoltaics -- SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell -- US DoE The United States Department of Energy -- ZE2W Zero-Emission two-Wheeler; Zero-emission vehicle -- Battery vehicle -- Hydrogen storage -- Cogeneration system -- Polygeneration system; Renewable energy sources -- Periodicals; Energy development -- Technological innovations -- Periodicals; Electric power production -- Periodicals; Energy storage -- Periodicals; 333.79
• DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101435
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2213-1388

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: Fuel cell motorcycle's efficiency is as high as battery motorcycle. Fuel cell motorcycle has lower cradle-to-grave CO2 emission than battery motorcycle. Zero-emission motorcycle-building polygeneration's efficiency can reach 90%. Swapping batteries and metal-hydride canisters are proper selections. Battery and fuel-cell motorcycle is for short-to-medium and long term, respectively. Abstract: The two-wheelers powered by battery, hydrogen fuel cell, or a combination of these two power sources are the potential candidates for the greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy in the future although they have been running into difficulties relating to the onboard energy storage technology. Therefore, the main aim of this review paper is to present the existing challenges and technical solutions to the energy storage of two-wheelers. Indeed, exchanging batteries and swapping metal hydrides hydrogen storage canisters were found to be the appropriate solutions, in which fuel cell and the metal hydride canister could constitute a cogeneration system that the heat needed for hydrogen desorption from the metal hydride canister could be recycled from the waste heat of fuel cell stacks or stored in phase change material during the uptake process. Furthermore, powertrain layouts of the fuel cell two-wheelers and the fuel cell-battery hybrid two-wheelers based on the traditional two-wheeler platforms were also suggested in this paper. More importantly, a novel concept associated with the "zero-emission two-wheeler-building" polygeneration system was also suggested to improve the global energy conversion efficiency. Finally, the energy system of two-wheelers powered by battery, fuel cell, and fuel cell-battery hybrid was thoroughly analyzed and compared.