Manipulation of epithelial integrity and mucosal immunity by host and microbiota‐derived metabolites. Issue 7 (28th June 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kayama, Hisako; Takeda, Kiyoshi
• Is Part Of: European journal of immunology. Volume 50:Issue 7(2020)
• Page Start: 921
• Page End: 931
• Publication Date: 2020-06-28
• Subjects: Bile acid -- Gut homeostasis -- Microbiota -- Short‐chain fatty acid -- Tryptophan; Immunology -- Periodicals; 616.079
• DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948478
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0014-2980

Abstract

Abstract: The human intestinal tract contains a large number of microbes, their metabolites, and potentially harmful food antigens. The intestinal epithelium separates the mucosa where immune cells are located from luminal microbes by expressing various factors that assemble into physical and chemical barriers. In addition to epithelial cells, immune cells are essential for enforcing mucosal barriers through production of inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory mediators. Intestinal microbiota, represented by gut ecological communities of living microorganisms, influences maturation and homeostasis of host immune system and contributes to the maintenance of the epithelial integrity with small molecules derived from their metabolism, termed metabolites. In turn, immune cells receive signals from microbiota, and may play key role in maintenance of a healthy bacterial composition and reinforcement of epithelial barrier functions, leading to the establishment of a host‐bacterial mutualism. Alterations in the microbiota community and metabolome profiles are observed in patients with various disorders including inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we will discuss physiological functions of the microbiota and its metabolites in regulating host immune system and reinforcing epithelial barrier functions. Further understanding of these processes will aid in identification of novel therapeutic targets and subsequent development of therapeutic interventions in a range of chronic inflammatory diseases. Abstract : In the intestinal lumen, host‐synthesized and microbiota‐supplied metabolites, including bile acids, SCFAs, tryptophan catabolites, and ATP, are present. These molecules are characterized to reinforce barrier integrity and direct host immunity. Thus, interactions among microbiota, host cells, and intestinal metabolites are required for maintenance of the gut homeostasis.