Cytokine saga in visceral leishmaniasis. (November 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bhor, Renuka; Rafati, Sima; Pai, Kalpana
• Is Part Of: Cytokine. Volume 147(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-11
• Subjects: Leishmania -- Cell-mediated immunity -- Visceral leishmaniasis -- T cells -- Progression and resolution, Cytokines; CMI Cell-mediated immunity -- VL Visceral leishmaniasis -- CL Cutaneous leishmaniasis -- MCL Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis -- LCL Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis -- PKDL Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis -- DALYs Disability-adjusted life years -- WHO World Health Organization -- NO Nitric oxide -- ROS Reactive oxygen species -- DCs Dendritic cells -- APCs Antigen presenting cells -- pAPCs Professional antigen presenting cells -- TEM Effector memory T -- TLR Toll Like Receptors -- GM-CSF Granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor -- MyD88 Myeloid differentiation primary-response gene 88 -- LPG Lipophospoglycan -- GIPLs Glycosylinositol phospholipids -- LAMP-1 Lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 -- M-CSF Macrophage colony stimulating factor -- PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells -- MCCP Mast cell committed progenitors -- CD40L CD40 Ligand; Cytokines -- Periodicals; 571.844
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155322
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1043-4666

Abstract

Graphical Abstract: Highlights: The review underpins the role and involvement of cytokines in pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. Role of innate and adaptive immunity and regulation of immunomodulatory effects of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of leishmaniasis is discussed. Immunopathogenesis of leishmaniasis associated with Leishmania species, sandfly species and its geographical distribution is highlighted. Abstract: In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania . The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.