Genetic basis of molecular mechanisms in β-lactam resistant gram-negative bacteria. (September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hussain, Hafiz Iftikhar; Aqib, Amjad Islam; Seleem, Mohamed N.; Shabbir, Muhammad Abubakar; Hao, Haihong; Iqbal, Zahid; Kulyar, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam; Zaheer, Tean; Li, Kun
• Is Part Of: Microbial pathogenesis. Volume 158(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-09
• Subjects: Antibiotic resistance -- Gram negative bacteria -- β-lactamase -- Molecular mechanisms -- Public Health; Pathogenic microorganisms -- Periodicals; Pathology, Molecular -- Periodicals; Communicable Diseases -- microbiology -- Periodicals; Communicable Diseases -- parasitology -- Periodicals; Micro-organismes pathogènes -- Périodiques; Pathologie moléculaire -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 616.9041
• DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105040
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0882-4010

Abstract

Abstract: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are considered one of the major global threats to human and animal health. The most harmful among the resistant bacteria are β-lactamase producing Gram-negative species (β-lactamases). β-lactamases constitute a paradigm shift in the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to present a comprehensive review of the mechanisms responsible for developing antimicrobial resistance. Resistance due to β-lactamases develops through a variety of mechanisms, and the number of resistant genes are involved that can be transferred between bacteria, mostly via plasmids. Over time, these new molecular-based resistance mechanisms have been progressively disclosed. The present review article provides information on the recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams in Gram-negative bacteria, including CTX-M-type ESBLs with methylase activity, plasmids harbouring phages with β-lactam resistance genes, the co-presence of β-lactam resistant genes of unique combinations and the presence of β-lactam and non-β-lactam antibiotic-resistant genes in the same bacteria. Keeping in view, the molecular level resistance development, multifactorial and coordinated measures may be taken to counter the challenge of rapidly increasing β-lactam resistance. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are considered one of the major global threats to human. The most harmful of the resistant bacteria are β-lactamase producing bacteria. Resistance develops through Backspace variety of mechanisms and number of resistant genes. Multifactorial molecular methods should be adopted to counter this challenge.