Electropolymerization as an electrochemical preconcentration approach for the determination of melamine in milk samples. (10th September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Esmaeily, Zahra; Madrakian, Tayyebeh; Afkhami, Abbas; Ghoorchian, Arash; Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi, Vahid
• Is Part Of: Electrochimica acta. Volume 390(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-09-10
• Subjects: Electrochemical Sensor -- Electropolymerization -- Electrochemical Preconcentration -- Melamine -- Poly-(para–aminophenol); Electrochemistry -- Periodicals; Electrochemistry, Industrial -- Periodicals; 541.37
• DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138897
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0013-4686

Abstract

Highlights: The electropolymerization process as the electrochemical preconcentration approach leads to the selective determination of Melamine. The preconcentrated melamine was quantified using a voltammetric technique. Overoxidized Poly-(para–aminophenol) film can accelerate the electrochemical preconcentration of Melamine. Abstract: The development of preconcentration methods in the design of electrochemical sensors is attractive due to the lack of efficient strategy for the preconcentration of organic analytes. Herein, we described the employment of electropolymerization as a novel preconcentration approach in the electrochemical determination of melamine (Mel). In this effort, the preconcentration of Mel occurred at a glassy carbon electrode modified with overoxidized Poly-(para–aminophenol) film (GCE/Ox-PPAP) using the potentiodynamic technique. In fact, non-electroactive Mel was electrochemically converted into electroactive poly-(melamine) (PMel) during the electrochemical preconcentration step. The preconcentrated Mel was quantified using the square wave voltammetry (SWV), as the electro-analytical signal. The electrochemical preconcentration step was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), computer simulation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) techniques. GCE/Ox-PPAP revealed a good calibration sensitivity of 4.718 μA L μmol −1 in the linear range of 2.0 to 60 μmol L −1, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.34 µmol L −1 (S/N = 3). The obtained LOD is lower than the safety limit of Mel in milk and dairy products. Moreover, in this work, the electropolymerization process as the electrochemical preconcentration approach leads to the selective determination of Mel in the presence of possible interferences. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for the Mel detection in real milk samples. The obtained results will also open up opportunities for the design of novel electroanalytical method using a simple strategy. Graphical abstract: Image, graphical abstract