Climate policy and international trade – A critical appraisal of the literature. (September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Jakob, Michael
• Is Part Of: Energy policy. Volume 156(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-09
• Subjects: Trade and climate -- Carbon leakage -- Border carbon adjustment -- Output-based rebates Carbon accounting -- Responsibility; Energy policy -- Periodicals; Politique énergétique -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 333.79
• DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112399
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0301-4215

Abstract

Abstract: This paper provides a review of the recent academic literature on how individual countries or regions can successfully implement unilateral climate policies in an increasingly integrated world economy. It first reviews the theory, empirics and future projections of 'carbon leakage', i.e. the notion that more ambitious climate policies will pose an incentive for energy-intensive industries to relocate and thus undo at least some of the achieved emission reductions. It then discusses measures to reduce carbon leakage. These include free allocation of emission permits to firms deemed at risk of carbon leakage, targeted trade policies as well as international cooperation to promote climate policies in third countries. Finally, it provides an overview of the debate on responsibility for trade-related emissions, including production- and consumption-based emission accounting as well as some more recent approaches. Highlights: Regional differences in climate efforts create incentives for industry relocation. Empirically, there is little evidence of carbon leakage. Leakage could be important in the future with more stringent climate policies. Leakage can be reduced by free allocation of emission permits and border measures. Accounting for traded emissions requires shared responsibility approaches.