Betel quid containing safrole enhances metabolic activation of tobacco specific 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (August 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Tsou, Han-Hsing; Ko, Hsiao-Tung; Chen, Chia-Tzu; Wang, Tse-Wen; Lee, Chien-Hung; Liu, Tsung-Yun; Wang, Hsiang-Tsui
• Is Part Of: Environmental pollution. Volume 251(2019)
• Page Start: 13
• Page End: 21
• Publication Date: 2019-08
• Subjects: Betel quid -- Cigarette -- CYP2A6 -- NNK -- Oral cancer; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Environmental Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Effets physiologiques -- Périodiques; Pollution; Pollution -- Environmental aspects; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 363.73
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.080
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0269-7491

Abstract

Abstract: Cigarette smoking (CS) and betel quid (BQ) chewing are two known risk factors that have synergistic potential for the enhancing the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Taiwan. Most mutagens and carcinogens are metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) to exert their mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. Previous studies have shown that metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by CYP2A6 activity determines NNK-induced carcinogenesis. In addition, safrole affects cytochrome P450 activity in rodents. However, the effect of BQ safrole on the metabolism of tobacco-specific NNK and its carcinogenicity remains elusive. This study demonstrates that safrole (1 mg/kg/d) induced CYP2A6 activity, reduced urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) levels, and increased NNK-induced DNA damage, including N7-methylguanine, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine and DNA strand breaks in a Syrian golden hamster model. Furthermore, altered NNK metabolism and increased NNK-induced DNA damage were also observed in healthy subjects with CS and BQ chewing histories compared to healthy subjects with CS histories. In conclusion, BQ containing safrole induced tobacco-specific NNK metabolic activation, resulting in higher NNK-induced genotoxicity. This study provides valuable insight into the synergistic mechanisms of CS- and BQ-induced OSCC. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Most carcinogens in CS and BQ are metabolically activated by cytochrome P450. The carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific nitrosamines NNK is determined by CYP2A6. Safrole induces CYP2A6 activities in rodent models. BQ containing safrole induces NNK metabolic activation and NNK-induced genotoxicity. This provides insight into synergistic mechanisms of CS and BQ-induced oral cancer.