Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the 'Protection Paradox'. (August 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bates, Amanda E.; Cooke, Robert S.C.; Duncan, Murray I.; Edgar, Graham J.; Bruno, John F.; Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro; Côté, Isabelle M.; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Costello, Mark John; Barrett, Neville; Bird, Tomas J.; Fenberg, Phillip B.; Stuart-Smith, Rick D.
• Is Part Of: Biological conservation. Volume 236(2019)
• Page Start: 305
• Page End: 314
• Publication Date: 2019-08
• Subjects: Conservation of natural resources -- Periodicals; Nature conservation -- Periodicals; Ecology -- Periodicals; Environment -- Periodicals; Environmental Pollution -- Periodicals; Electronic journals; 333.9516
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.005
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0006-3207

Abstract

Abstract: Restricting human activities through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is assumed to create more resilient biological communities with a greater capacity to resist and recover following climate events. Here we review the evidence linking protection from local pressures (e.g., fishing and habitat destruction) with increased resilience. Despite strong theoretical underpinnings, studies have only rarely attributed resilience responses to the recovery of food webs and habitats, and increases in the diversity of communities and populations. When detected, resistance to ocean warming and recovery after extreme events in MPAs have small effect sizes against a backdrop of natural variability. By contrast, large die-offs are well described from MPAs following climate stress events. This may be in part because protection from one set of pressures or drivers (such as fishing) can select for species that are highly sensitive to others (such as warming), creating a ' Protection Paradox '. Given that climate change is overwhelming the resilience capacity of marine ecosystems, the only primary solution is to reduce carbon emissions. High-quality monitoring data in both space and time can also identify emergent resilience signals that do exist, in combination with adequate reference data to quantify the initial system state. This knowledge will allow networks of diverse protected areas to incorporate spatial refugia against climate change, and identify resilient biological components of natural systems. Sufficient spatial replication further offers insurance against losses in any given MPA, and the possibility for many weak signals of resilience to accumulate. Highlights: Protected areas can foster resistance and recovery under climate variability Mechanisms stem from protection-related increases in food webs, habitats and diversity of communities and populations Yet species protected from activities such as fishing can also be vulnerable to climate stressors – the 'Protection Paradox' The only primary option for reducing the impact of climate change on protected areas is to reduce carbon emissions In the meantime strategic networks of protected areas which plan for climate change are needed